As per the FDA, In vitro diagnostic (IVD) devices are tests performed on samples taken from the human body, such as swabs of mucus from inside the nose or back of the throat, or blood taken from a vein or fingerstick. IVDs can detect diseases or other conditions and can be used to monitor a person’s overall health to help cure, treat, or prevent diseases. There are several types of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 related IVDs: –
- Diagnostic Tests – Tests that detect parts of the SARS-CoV-2 virus and can be used to diagnose infection with the SARS-CoV-2 virus. These include molecular tests and antigen tests.
- Serology/Antibody Tests – Tests that detect antibodies (e.g., IgM, IgG) to the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Serology/antibody tests cannot be used to diagnose a current infection.
- Tests for Management of COVID-19 Patients – Beyond tests that diagnose or detect SARS-CoV-2 virus or antibodies, there are also tests that are authorized for use in the management of patients with COVID-19, such as to detect biomarkers related to inflammation. Once patients are diagnosed with COVID-19 disease, these additional tests can be used to inform patient management decisions.
As of 05 April 2021, 354 tests and sample collection devices are authorized by the FDA under emergency use authorizations (EUAs). These include 258 molecular tests and sample collection devices, 74 antibody and other immune response tests, and 22 antigen tests. There are 43 molecular authorizations that can be used with home-collected samples. There is one molecular prescription at–home test, two antigen prescription at-home test, four over-the-counter (OTC) at-home antigen test, and one OTC molecular test. The FDA has authorized six antigen tests for serial screening programs.
- A Novel Diagnostic Test to Screen SARS-CoV-2 Variants Containing E484K and N501Y Mutations [Link] (04/05/21)
- Performance and Operational Feasibility of Antigen and Antibody Rapid Diagnostic Tests for COVID-19 in Symptomatic and Asymptomatic Patients in Cameroon: A Clinical, Prospective, Diagnostic Accuracy Study [Link] (04/05/21)
- Saliva as a Reliable Sample for COVID-19 Diagnosis in Paediatric Patients [Link] (04/05/21)
- Fast, portable test can diagnose COVID-19 and track variants [Link] (04/05/21)
- Ortho Announces Plans to Accelerate COVID-19 Antigen and Antibody Test Development Through New Contract with BARDA and the Department of Defense [Link] (04/05/21)
- Diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 Infection with LamPORE, a High-Throughput Platform Combining Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification and Nanopore Sequencing [Link] (04/05/21)
- Quidel’s Sofia SARS Antigen Test Receives Emergency Use Authorization for Screening Use With Serial Testing [Link] (04/05/21)
- EUROIMMUN Launches SARS-CoV-2 NeutraLISA Assay to Determine the Neutralizing Capacity of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies [Link] (04/05/21)
- SQI Diagnostics Submits RALI-Dx IL-6 Severity Triage Test for COVID-19 Patients to FDA for Emergency Use Authorization [Link] (04/05/21)
- Federated deep learning for detecting COVID-19 lung abnormalities in CT: a privacy-preserving multinational validation study [Link] (03/30/21)
- A haemagglutination test for rapid detection of antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 [Link] (03/30/21)
- Mass molecular testing for COVID19 using NGS-based technology and a highly scalable workflow [Link] (03/30/21)
- Scientists develop test to detect the virus that causes COVID-19 even when it mutates [Link] (03/30/21)
- X-rays combined with AI offer fast diagnostic tool in detecting COVID-19 [Link] (03/30/21)
- Quanterix’ Simoa Technology Demonstrates Advancements in COVID-19 Research through Viral Antigen Measurements in Blood and Saliva Samples [Link] (03/30/21)
- Performance and operational feasibility of antigen and antibody rapid diagnostic tests for COVID-19 in symptomatic and asymptomatic patients in Cameroon: a clinical, prospective, diagnostic accuracy study [Link] (03/30/21)
- Group testing method developed for COVID-19 [Link] (03/30/21)
- Thermo Fisher Scientific Launches In-Air SARS-CoV-2 Surveillance Solution [Link] (03/30/21)
- AXIM Biotechnologies’ Manufacturing Partner Empowered Diagnostics Files Emergency Use Authorization With FDA for Use of Its Rapid COVID-19 Neutralizing Antibody Test in Whole Blood at Point-of-Care Locations [Link] (03/30/21)
- Rapid, point‐of‐care antigen and molecular‐based tests for diagnosis of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection [Link] (03/30/21)
- CoroNaspresso: A Cheap, Rapid and Simple Home Test for Nucleic Acid Amplification [Link] (03/30/21)
- Ortho’s VITROS SARS-CoV-2 Antigen Test for High-Volume Testing Receives FDA Emergency Use Authorization for New Performance, Sensitivity Data [Link] (03/30/21)
- T-cell receptor sequencing identifies prior SARS-CoV-2 infection and correlates with neutralizing antibody titers and disease severity [Link] (03/23/21)
- A homogeneous split-luciferase assay for rapid and sensitive detection of anti-SARS CoV-2 antibodies [Link] (03/23/21)
- ADVAITE Now Offers FDA EUA RapCov Rapid COVID-19 Tests Through Amazon Business [Link] (03/23/21)
- Monocent Inc, Receives Authorization From COFEPRIS (Mexico) And INVIMA (Colombia), For Their US-Manufactured, CE Marked, Highly Accurate, Easy-To-Use, 15-Minute, COVID-19 Antigen Test; Paired With Rymedi’s Technology Platform; Scaling US Manufacturing To 5 Million Tests Per Month [Link] (03/23/21)
- Clinical Evaluation of Roche SD Biosensor Rapid Antigen Test for SARS-CoV-2 in Municipal Health Service Testing Site, the Netherlands [Link] (03/23/21)
- Real-World Experience of SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Assays in UK Healthcare Workers [Link] (03/23/21)
- Non-invasive skin swab samples are enough to quickly detect COVID-19, a new study finds [Link] (03/17/21)
- Durability of SARS-CoV-2-specific IgG responses in saliva for up to 8 months after infection [Link] (03/17/21)
- Persisting Salivary IgG against SARS-CoV-2 at 9 Months After Mild COVID-19: A Complementary Approach to Population Surveys [Link] (03/17/21)
- At-Home, Prescription-free COVID-19 Dx Tests Enter the Real Marketplace: Amazon [Link] (03/17/21)
- Follow-up Testing of Borderline SARS-CoV-2 Patients by rRT-PCR Allows Early Diagnosis of COVID-19. [Link] (03/17/21)
- Point-of-care SARS-CoV-2 serological assays for enhanced case finding in a UK inpatient population [Link] (03/17/21)
- Clinical and Economic Effects of Widespread Rapid Testing to Decrease SARS-CoV-2 Transmission [Link] (03/10/21)
- Field-deployable, rapid diagnostic testing of saliva for SARS-CoV-2 [Link] (03/10/21)
- A Rapid Method to Evaluate Pre-Travel Testing Programs for COVID-19 A Study in Hawaii [Link] (03/10/21)
- Luminex Receives FDA Emergency Use Authorization and CE Mark for Expanded NxTAG Respiratory Panel Test Including SARS-CoV-2 [Link] (03/10/21)
- A novel highly quantitative and reproducible assay for the detection of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG and IgM antibodies [Link] (03/10/21)
- A multiplexed, next generation sequencing platform for high-throughput detection of SARS-CoV-2 [Link] (03/10/21)
- Comparative Performance of SARS-CoV-2 Lateral Flow Antigen Tests Demonstrates Their Utility for High Sensitivity Detection of Infectious Virus in Clinical Specimens [Link] (03/10/21)
- Coronavirus-like nanoparticles could serve as a positive control for COVID-19 tests [Link] (03/03/21)
- COVID-19 salivary Raman fingerprint: innovative approach for the detection of current and past SARS-CoV-2 infections [Link] (03/03/21)
- FDA Grants Emergency Use Authorization for Home Collection Kit for Advanta Dx SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR Assay [Link] (03/03/21)
- Coronavirus (COVID-19) Update: FDA Issues Authorization for Quidel QuickVue At-Home COVID-19 Test [Link] (03/03/21)
- COVID-19 and Diagnostic Testing for SARS-CoV-2 by RT-qPCR-Facts and Fallacies [Link] (03/03/21)
- Machine learning based predictors for COVID-19 disease severity [Link] (03/03/21)
- The Effects of “Dry Swab” Incubation on SARS-CoV-2 Molecular Testing [Link] (03/03/21)
- Evaluation of a surrogate virus neutralization test for high-throughput serosurveillance of SARS-CoV-2 [Link] (03/03/21)
- COVID-19 Antigen Self-Test from Siemens Healthineers receives special approval for self-use by laypeople in Germany [Link] (03/03/21)
Select diagnostics kits/assays which have received approval are highlighted below
(*Order by diagnostics kits/assays name A ~ Z)
Product: BinaxNOW COVID-19 Ag Card
Date of approval: August 26, 2020 (FDA EUA)
Time: 15 min
Brief Description: Ag Card is a rapid, reliable, highly portable, and affordable tool.
Details: Abbott’s BinaxNOW COVID-19 Ag Card is a rapid, reliable, highly portable, and affordable tool for detecting active coronavirus infections at massive scale. Test delivers results in just 15 minutes with no instrumentation, using proven lateral flow technology with demonstrated sensitivity of 97.1% and specificity of 98.5% in clinical study. Abbott will offer a no-charge complementary phone app, which allows people to display their BinaxNOW test results when asked by organizations where people gather, such as workplaces and schools. The company will ship tens of millions of tests in September, ramping to 50 million tests a month at the beginning of October.
Product: ID NOW COVID-19 assay
Date of approval: March 27, 2020 (FDA EUA)
Brief description: Rapid test targeting COVID-19 RdRp gene (PoC)
Time: Positive results may be detected in as little as 5 minutes and negative results in 13 minutes
Details: ID NOW COVID-19 assay performed on the ID NOW Instrument is a rapid molecular in vitro diagnostic test utilizing an isothermal nucleic acid amplification technology intended for the qualitative detection of nucleic acid from the SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA in direct nasal, nasopharyngeal or throat swabs and nasal, nasopharyngeal or throat swabs eluted in viral transport media from individuals who are suspected of COVID-19 by their healthcare provider.
Product: SARS-CoV-2 IgG assay
Date of approval: April 26, 2020 (EUA & CE Mark)
Time: Unknown
Brief Description: Detection of SARS-CoV-2 antibody
Details: The SARS-CoV-2 IgG assay is a chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay (CMIA) intended for the qualitative detection of IgG antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 in human serum, serum separator tube and plasma (ACD, CPD, CPDA-1, dipotassium EDTA, tripotassium EDTA, lithium heparin, lithium heparin separator tube, sodium citrate, sodium heparin). The SARS-CoV-2 IgG assay is intended for use as an aid in identifying individuals with an adaptive immune response to SARS-CoV-2, indicating recent or prior infection. At this time, it is unknown for how long antibodies persist following infection and if the presence of antibodies confers protective immunity. The SARSCoV-2 IgG assay should not be used to diagnose acute SARS-CoV-2 infection. Testing is limited to laboratories certified under the Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments (CLIA) to perform moderate or high complexity test.
Product: Alinity m SARS-CoV-2 assay
Date of approval: May 11, 2020 (FDA EUA)
Time: Unknown
Brief Description: Real-time RT-PCR assay to be run on run on the Alinity m system
Details: The Alinity m SARS-CoV-2 assay is a real-time reverse transcriptase (RT) polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test intended for the qualitative detection of nucleic acid from the SARS-CoV-2 in nasal swabs, self-collected at a health care location or collected by a healthcare worker, nasopharyngeal (NP) and oropharyngeal (OP) swabs collected by a healthcare worker or bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BAL) from patients suspected of COVID-19 by their healthcare provider. Testing is limited to laboratories certified under the CLIA, to perform moderate or high complexity tests.
Product: RealTime SARS-C0V-2 assay
Date of approval: March 18, 2020 (EUA)
Details: The Abbott RealTime SARS-C0V-2 assay is an Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) test authorized by the U.S. FDA for use by authorized laboratories, using real-time (RT) polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology for the qualitative detection of nucleic acids from the SARS-CoV-2 virus and diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 virus infection from individuals meeting CDC clinical and/or epidemiological testing criteria.
Product: LineaCOVID-19 Assay Kit
Date of approval: May 13, 2020 (FDA EUA)
Time: Unknown
Brief Description: RT-PCR based qualitative detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA
Details: Applied DNA Sciences’ Linea COVID-19 SARS-CoV-2 assay kit is a real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) test for the qualitative detection of SAR S-CoV-2 RNA in upper respiratory specimens. The Linea COVID-19 SARS-CoV-2 Assay Kit provides a high-throughput solution to help laboratories address the urgent need for patient testing during the Coronavirus pandemic.
Product: iAMP COVID-19 Detection Kit
Date of approval: April 10, 2020 (EUA)
Time: 1.5 h sample to result.
Brief Description: Real-time reverse transcription isothermal amplification test
Details: The test is based on a proprietary isothermal amplification technology termed OMEGA amplification. OMEGA primer sets are designed to specifically detect RNA and later cDNA from the N and ORF-1ab genes of the SARS-CoV-2 virus in nasal, nasopharyngeal and/or oropharyngeal swabs from patients with signs and symptoms of infection who are suspected of COVID-19. The iAMP COVID-19 assay’s key differentiator from current rRT-PCR COVID-19 assays is its ability to detect SARS-CoV-2 RNA directly from samples without prior RNA extraction process.
Product: BD Veritor System for Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2 (Rapid Antigen Testing)
Date of approval: July 06, 2020 (FDA EUA)
Time: 15 min
Brief Description: Rapid Point-of-Care Antigen Test
Details: FDA granted EUA for a rapid, point-of-care, SARS-CoV-2 diagnostic test for use with its broadly available BD Veritor Plus System. The launch of this new assay that delivers results in 15 minutes on an easy-to-use, highly portable instrument is critical for improving access to COVID-19 diagnostics because it enables real-time results and decision making while the patient is still onsite. BD will begin shipping the new test and expects to ramp-up manufacturing capacity to 2 million tests per week by the end of September.
Product: Access SARS-CoV-2 IgG
Date of approval: June 26, 2020 (EUA and CE)
Time: Unknown
Brief Description: Antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 in serum
Details: Qualitative detection of IgG antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 in human serum, serum separator tubes, and plasma (lithium heparin, dipotassium EDTA, tripotassium EDTA, and sodium citrate). Intended for use as an aid in identifying individuals with an adaptive immune response to SARS-CoV-2, indicating recent or prior infection.
Product: Real-Time Fluorescent RT-PCR Kit for Detecting SARS-2019-nCoV
Date of approval: April 24, 2020 (EUA)
Brief Description: Taqman RT-PCR for ORF1ab gene
Time: 4 h for 192 samples
Details: On April 24, 2020, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued an Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) amendment for BGI’s Real-Time Fluorescent RT-PCR Kit for Detecting SARS-CoV-2. The amendment expands the previously issued EUA label to further include the use of automated sample preparation system, additional viral RNA extraction kit and PCR systems for testing a broader range of clinical samples. Specifically, viral RNA extraction can be processed by the kits manufactured by MGI (a subsidiary of BGI Group) or Qiagen. In addition, the highly sensitive SARS-CoV-2 detection test can return results within 4 hours for 192 samples collected from throat (oropharyngeal) swabs, nasopharyngeal swabs, anterior nasal swabs, mid-turbinate nasal swabs, nasal washes, nasal aspirates and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) using the MGI automated sample preparation system.
Product: BioFire Respiratory Panel 2.1
Date of approval: May 1, 2020 (EUA)
Time: Unknown
Brief Description: Multiplex RT PCR for identification of several viruses including COVID-19
Details: BioFire Respiratory Panel 2.1 is a multiplexed nucleic acid test intended for the simultaneous qualitative detection and differentiation of nucleic acids from multiple respiratory viral and bacterial organisms, including nucleic acid from the SARS-CoV-2 virus, in nasopharyngeal swabs (NPS) obtained from individuals suspected of COVID-19 by their healthcare provider.
Product: 2019-nCoV IgG/IgM Antibody Detection Kit (Colloidal Gold)
Date of approval: April 6, 2020 (CE)
Brief Description: IgG/IgM Antibody Detection Kit
Time: 10 min.
Details: Simultaneous detection of SARS-CoV-2 specific IgM and IgG antibodies: The 2019-nCov IgG/IgM Rapid Test Device is a rapid chromatographic immunoassay for the qualitative detection of IgG & IgM antibody of Coronavirus in human venous whole blood, serum or plasma.
Product: SARS-COV-2 R-GENE
Date of approval: May 6, 2020 (EUA)
Time: 4-5 h
Brief Description: Real-time PCR kit for the detection of SARS-COV-2
Details: The SARS-COV-2 R-GENE kit is a molecular detection kit, using real-time PCR after viral nucleic acids extraction. Assay includes all necessary reagents optimized to detect SARS-COV-2 for in vitro diagnostic use. Two triplex PCR for reliable diagnosis even if the virus mutates – PCR 1: SARS-COV-2 N gene (FAM) / Internal Control (HEX) / SARS-COV-2 RdRp gene (CY5) and PCR 2: SARBECOVIRUS E gene (FAM) / Internal Control (HEX) / Cellular Control (CY5)
Product: Bio-Rad SARS-CoV-2 ddPCR Test & Platelia SARS-CoV-2 Total Ab assay
Date of approval: May 1, 2020 (EUA)
Time: Unknown
Brief Description: Quantitative Droplet Digital PCR & Qualitative detection of anti COVID-19 antibodies, based on immunoassay
Details:
Bio-Rad SARS-CoV-2 ddPCR Test: Qualitative detection of nucleic acid from SARS-CoV-2 innasopharyngeal, anterior nasal and mid-turbinate nasal swabspecimens as well as nasopharyngeal wash/aspirate and nasalaspirate specimens collected from individuals suspected of COVID-19 by their healthcare provider. Emergency use of thistest is limited to authorized laboratories.
Platelia SARS-CoV-2 Total Ab assay: Qualitative detection of total antibodies (including IgM/IgA/IgG) to SARS-CoV-2 in human serum and plasma (EDTA). Intendedfor use as an aid in identifying individuals with an adaptiveimmune response to SARS-CoV-2, indicating recent or priorinfection. Emergency use of this test is limited to authorizedlaboratories.
Product: COVID-19 RT-PCR Peptide Nucleic Acid (PNA) kit
Date of approval: June 30, 2020 (EUA)
Time: Unknown
Brief Description: RT-qPCR PNA KIT
Details: The COVID-19 RT-qPCR PNA KIT is developed with reusable fluorescence hybridization probe real-time PCR technique using Peptide Nucleic Acid (PNA), sort of artificial nucleic acid which has more higher binding ability to its complement sequence DNA than which of DNA one, to in vitro reverse transcription of SARS-CoV-2 (also known as SARS-2019-nCoV) RNA followed with cDNA amplification and detection. The kit targets three specific genomic regions of SARS-CoV-2, those are RNA dependent RNA Polymerase (RdRP) gene , Nucleocapsid (N).
Product: CRSP SARS-CoV-2 Real-time Reverse Transcriptase (RT)-PCR Diagnostic Assay
Date of approval: July 8, 2020 (FDA EUA)
Time: NA
Brief Description: RT-PCR based qualitative detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA
Details: The CRSP SARS-CoV-2 Real-time Reverse Transcriptase (RT)-PCR Diagnostic Assay is a real-time RT-PCR test intended for the qualitative detection of nucleic acid from the SARS-CoV-2 in nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal swabs collected from individuals who may have contracted the virus. Testing is limited to the Clinical Research Sequencing Platform at the Broad Institute which is certified under the CLIA, to perform high complexity tests.
Product: qSARS-CoV-2 IgG/IgM Rapid Test
Date of approval: April 1, 2020 (EUA)
Brief Description: Lateral flow immunoassay for IgM and IgG antibodies
Time: 15 to 20 min.
Details: The Cellex qSARS-CoV-2 IgG/IgM Rapid Test is a lateral flow immunoassay intended for the qualitative detection and differentiation of IgM and IgG antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 in serum, plasma (EDTA, citrate) or venipuncture whole blood specimens from patients suspected of COVID-19 infection by a healthcare provider.
Product: CDC Influenza SARS-CoV-2 (Flu SC2) Multiplex Assay
Date of approval: July 02, 2020
Time: Unknown
Brief Description: RT-PCR based multiplex assay
Details: The CDC Influenza SARS-CoV-2 (Flu SC2) Multiplex Assay is a real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) test that detects and differentiates RNA from SARS-CoV-2, influenza A virus, and influenza B virus in upper or lower respiratory specimens. The assay provides a sensitive, nucleic-acid-based diagnostic tool for evaluation of specimens from patients in the acute phase of infection.
Product: SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR Test
Date of approval: July 01, 2020
Time: Unknown
Brief Description: RT-PCR based SARS-CoV-2 RNA detection kit
Details: CENTOGENE’S SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR test is a real-time test based on the reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for the qualitative detection of SARS-CoV-2, the underlying virus causing COVID-19. It is intended to be used with samples of the upper respiratory tract (oropharyngeal swabs) collected from individuals suspected by their healthcare provider to have COVID-19, belonging to a risk cohort, or having been in contact with a confirmed COVID-19 patient. The test is intended for use by qualified laboratory personnel to be performed in CENTOGENE’s CLIA certified high-complexity laboratories in Germany.
Product: Xpert Xpress SARS-CoV-2 test
Brief Description: Rapid, near-patient RT-PCR test
Date of approval: March 20, 2020 (EUA)
Time: 30 min.
Details: Cepheid has developed an automated molecular test for the qualitative detection of SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. The test leverages the design principles of our current Xpert Xpress Flu/RSV cartridge technology, in which multiple regions of the viral genome are targeted. The test can provide rapid detection of the current pandemic coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 in as soon as 30 minutes for positive results with less than a minute of hands on time to prepare the sample.
Product: Logix Smart Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Kit
Date of approval: April 3, 2020 (EUA)
Brief Description: Single step real-time RT-PCR
Time: 63-90 min., depending on PCR equipment.
Details: The Logix Smart Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Test kit is an in vitro diagnostic test that uses our patented CoPrimer technology for the qualitative detection of the RNA from SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus (COVID-19). The test operates using a single step real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) process in lower respiratory tract fluids (e.g. bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum, tracheal aspirate), and upper respiratory tract fluids (e.g. nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal swabs) from patients who meet the clinical criteria. The test is available to laboratories certified under the CLIA.
Product: LIAISON SARS-CoV-2 SOLUTIONS
Date of approval: April 24, 2020 (EUA)
Time: Unknown
Brief Description: SARS-CoV-2 IgM and SARS-CoV-2 S1/S2 IgG
Details: The testing solutions are based on two results from a single sample to determine both antibodies results. The selection of Spike protein antigens for both assays, recognized to be the most likely target of future COVID-19 vaccines and for IgG neutralizing antibodies. High sensitivity and specificity to ensure accurate results along the infection window. The use of IgG and IgM in combination can aid to shorten the diagnostic window improving the detection of seroconversion up to day 15 from PCR positivity.
Product: Anti-SARS-CoV-2 ELISA (IgG)
Date of approval: May 4, 2020 (EUA, CE)
Time: Unknown
Brief Description: Anti-SARS-CoV-2 ELISA (IgG)
Details: ELISA test Qualitative detection of IgG antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in human serum and plasma (K+-EDTA, Li+-heparin, Na+-citrate). Intended for use as an aid in identifying individuals with an adaptive immune response to SARS-CoV-2, indicating recent or prior infection.
Product: EURORealTime SARS-CoV-2
Date of approval: June 8, 2020 (EUA, CE)
Time: Unknown
Brief Description: SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR test
Details: Qualitative detection of nucleic acid from SARS-CoV-2 in upper respiratory specimens (such as nasal, nasopharyngeal, midturbinate and oropharyngeal swabs) and bronchioalveolar lavage (BAL) from individuals suspected of COVID-19 by their healthcare provider.
Product: Advanta Dx SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR Assay
Date of approval: August 25, 2020 (FDA EUA)
Time: –
Brief Description: Extraction-free saliva-based RT-PCR test
Details: Advanta Dx SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR Assay, an extraction-free saliva-based test to detect nucleic acid from the SARS‑CoV‑2 virus, designed to be run on the Fluidigm Biomark HD microfluidics platform. As it is saliva-based, the Advanta Dx SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR Assay does not require collection via invasive nasopharyngeal swab. The clinical study associated with the EUA submission demonstrated 100 percent agreement between the saliva results from the Advanta Dx SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR Assay and the results from paired nasopharyngeal samples tested with authorized assays. The company’s microfluidics technology enables processing of more samples per batch than more traditional, microwell plate-based PCR technology. The Biomark HD platform can generate as many as 6,000 test results per day on a single system.
Product: Illumina COVIDSeq Test
Date of approval: June 9, 2020
Time: 12 h
Brief Description: SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR test
Details: The Illumina COVIDSeq Test is the first NGS test approved for use under the U.S. Food and Drug Administration’s Emergency Use Authorization (EUA). This amplicon-based NGS test includes 2019-nCoV primer and probe sets designed to detect RNA from the SARS-CoV-2 virus in nasopharyngeal, oropharyngeal, and mid-turbinate nasal swabs from patients with signs and symptoms of infection who are suspected of COVID-19.
Product: SCoV-2 Detect IgM ELISA & SCoV-2 Detect IgG ELISA
Date of approval: June 30, 2020 (EUA) for IgM & June 10, 2020 (EUA) for IgG
Time: Unknown
Brief Description: ELISA that specifically detects IgM antibodies and IgG antibodies to SARS-CoV-2
Details:
The SCoV-2 Detect IgM ELISA is an in vitro diagnostic test for the qualitative detection of IgM antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 in human serum. The test is intended for use as an aid in identifying individuals with an adaptive immune response to SARS-CoV-2, indicating recent or prior infection. At this time, it is unknown for how long antibodies persist following infection and if the presence of antibodies confers protective immunity. The SCoV-2 Detect IgM ELISA should be used to diagnose acute SARS-CoV-2 infection.
The SCoV-2 Detect IgG ELISA kit is an in vitro diagnostic test for the qualitative detection of IgG antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 in human serum. The test is intended as an aid in identifying individuals with an adaptive immune response to SARS-CoV-2, indicating recent or prior infection. At this time, it is unknown for how long antibodies persist following infection and if the presence of antibodies confers protective immunity. The SCoV-2 Detect IgG ELISA should not be used to diagnose acute SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Product: COVID-19 RT-PCR Test
Date of approval: July 24, 2020 (FDA EUA)
Time: Unknown
Brief Description: First Diagnostic Test for Screening of People Without Known or Suspected COVID-19 Infection; Allows pooled testing.
Details: U.S. Food and Drug Administration reissued the LabCorp COVID-19 RT-PCR Test emergency use authorization (EUA) to include two new indications for use: testing for people who do not have COVID-19 symptoms or who have no reason to suspect COVID-19 infection, and to allow pooled sample testing.
Product: xMAP SARS-CoV-2 Multi-Antigen IgG Assay
Date of approval: July 16, 2020 (FDA EUA)
Time: Up to 96 samples per run in less than 3 h
Brief Description: SARS-CoV-2 antibody assay
Details: Detects IgG antibodies against 3 SARS-CoV-2 antigens, providing comprehensive results: S1 subunit of the spike protein, RBD of the spike protein, Nucleocapsid protein. It is designed for use with human serum and plasma samples, eliminating the need to implement additional collection protocols.
Product: ARIES SARS-CoV-2 Assay
Date of approval: April 3, 2020 (EUA)
Time: Minimal hands-on time and an automated workflow delivers results in about 2 h
Brief Description: Exonuclease-sensitive probes for the ORF1ab and N viral genes provide superior specificity.
Details: This product is a qualitative test for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acids in nasopharyngeal swab specimens from individuals suspected of COVID-19 by their healthcare provider. The SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid is detectable in nasopharyngeal swab specimens during the acute phase of infection. Positive results are indicative of the presence of SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid; clinical correlation with patient history and other diagnostic information is necessary to determine patient infection status. Positive results do not rule out bacterial infection or co-infection with other viruses.
Product: NxTAG CoV Extended Panel Assay
Date of approval: March 27, 2020 (EUA)
Time: 96 samples in approximately 4 h.
Brief Details: SARS-CoV-2 detection using three viral genes (ORF1ab, E gene, and N gene)
Details: NxTAG CoV Extended Panel Assay for use on Luminex MAGPIX instrument is a RT-PCR test intended for the qualitative detection of nucleic acid from the SARS-CoV-2 in nasopharyngeal swab specimens from individuals suspected of COVID-19 by their healthcare provider.
Product: Accula SARS-Cov-2 Test
Brief Description: Rapid point-of-care PCR test
Date of approval: March 23, 2020 (FDA EUA)
Time: 30 min.
Details: Mesa Biotech has developed a qualitative, visually read test utilizing polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology to detect SARS-CoV-2, the virus responsible for COVID-19. Using throat and nasal swabs, results are available in 30 minutes, based on the principles of Mesa’s commercially available Accula Influenza and RSV tests.
Product: COVID-19 ELISA IgG Antibody Test
Date of approval: April 15, 2020 (EUA)
Brief Description: ELISA test IgG Antibody Test
Details: The COVID-19 ELISA IgG Antibody Test consists of two serial direct assays (ELISA) for the qualitative detection of human IgG antibodies in serum and plasma specimens collected from individuals suspected of prior infection with the virus that causes COVID-19 by their healthcare provider. An initial ELISA is performed against recombinant Receptor Binding Domain of SARS-CoV-2 in serum and plasma, followed for positive specimen by a confirmatory ELISA against full length SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein in serum and plasma. The COVID-19 ELISA IgG Antibody Test detects IgG antibodies as indicative of an immune response to SARS-CoV-2 in patients suspected of previous SARS-CoV-2 infection, or for the detection of IgG seroconversion in patients following known recent SARS-CoV-2 infection. The test is an aid in the diagnosis of patients with suspected of prior COVID-19 in conjunction with clinical presentation and the results of other laboratory tests. Results from the COVID-19 ELISA IgG Antibody Test should not be used as the sole basis for diagnosis and should not be used for the diagnosis of patients with acute COVID-19 infection. Testing is limited to the Mount Sinai Laboratory (MSL).
Product: OPTI SARS-CoV-2 RT PCR Test
Date of approval: May 6, 2020
Time: Unknown
Brief Description: Real-time RT-PCR COVID-19 detection kit
Details: OPTI SARS-CoV-2 RT PCR Test is a qualitative test for the detection of nucleic acid from SARS-CoV-2 in upper and lower respiratory specimens (such as nasal, nasopharyngeal, oropharyngeal swabs, sputum, lower respiratory tract aspirates, bronchoalveolar lavage, and nasopharyngeal wash/aspirate or nasal aspirate) from patients suspected of COVID-19 by their health care provider. The SARSCoV-2 nucleic acid is generally detectable in upper and lower respiratory specimens during the acute phase of infection. Positive results are indicative of the presence of SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid; clinical correlation with patient history and other diagnostic information is necessary to determine patient infection status. Positive results do not rule out bacterial infection or coinfection with other viruses.
Product: VITROS Immunodiagnostic Products Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Total Reagent Pack and Calibrators.
Date of approval: April 14, 2020 (EUA)
Time: Unknown
Brief Description: VITROS Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Total and IgG tests
Details: This test is one of the first high-throughput, automated COVID-19 antibody tests to be granted Emergency Use Authorization. Total antibody test detects all antibodies – IgM, IgA, and IgG and helps identify current or past exposure to SARS-CoV-2 whereas the IgG test detects the IgG antibody and helps identify an adaptive immune response.
Product: VITROS Immunodiagnostic Products Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Total Reagent Pack
Date of approval: April 14, 2020
Time: 48 min
Details: The VITROS Immunodiagnostic Products Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Total Reagent Pack test when used in combination with the VITROS Immunodiagnostic Products Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Total Calibrator is for the qualitative measurement of total antibody (including IgG and IgM) to SARS-CoV-2 in human serum and plasma (K2 EDTA) samples from patients suspected of COVID-19 by a healthcare provider, using VITROS ECi/ECiQ/3600 Immunodiagnostic Systems and the VITROS 5600/XT 7600 Integrated Systems. The VITROS Immunodiagnostic Products Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Total Reagent Pack test is an aid in the diagnosis of patients with suspected SARS-CoV-2 infection in conjunction with clinical presentation and the results of other laboratory tests. Results from the VITROS Immunodiagnostic Products Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Total Reagent Pack test should not be used as the sole basis for diagnosis. Testing is limited to laboratories certified under the CLIA, to perform moderate and high complexity tests .
Product: GeneFinder COVID-19 Plus RealAmp Kit
Date of approval: April 18, 2020 (FDA EUA, CE)
Brief Description: One step RT-PCR Kit
Time: 120 min
Details: GeneFinder COVID-19 Plus RealAmp Kit is the One-Step Reverse Transcription Real-Time PCR Kit designed to detect Novel Corona virus (COVID-19) qualitatively through Reverse Transcription reaction and Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction. It provides in about 120 minutes, detection for COIVD-19 in a single tube.
Product: QIAstat-Dx Respiratory SARS-CoV-2 Panel
Date of approval: March 30, 2020 (EUA)
Time: Less than one minute for sample preparation and delivers results in about one hour.
Brief Description: A multiplexed nucleic acid real-time PCR test
Details: The QIAstat-Dx test kit can differentiate the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus from 20 other respiratory infections in patients who may have similar symptoms in a single testing run of about one hour. It is a multiplexed nucleic acid test that evaluates samples such as nasopharyngeal swabs obtained from individuals suspected of respiratory tract infections. This new panel includes assays targeting two genes used to detect SARS-CoV-2, the pathogen behind the disease.
Product: Quest SARS-CoV-2 rRT-PCR
Date of approval: July 18, 2020 (FDA EUA)
Time: Up to 96 samples per run in less than 3 h
Brief Description: The Quest test is the first COVID-19 diagnostic test to be authorized for use with pooled samples.
Details: This test is for the qualitative detection of nucleic acid from the SARS-CoV-2 in pooled samples containing up to four individual upper respiratory swab specimens (nasopharyngeal, mid-turbinate, anterior nares or oropharyngeal swabs) that are collected under observation using individual vials containing transport media from individuals suspected of COVID19 by their healthcare provider.
Product: Sofia 2 SARS Antigen FIA
Date of approval: May 8, 2020
Time: 15 min
Brief Description: Lateral flow (strip) test for COVID-19 nucleocapsid protein
Details: Sofia 2 SARS Antigen FIA is a lateral flow immunofluorescent sandwich assay that is used with the Sofia 2 Instrument intended for the qualitative detection of the nucleocapsid protein antigen from SARSCoV-2 in nasopharyngeal (NP) and nasal (NS) swab specimens directly or after the swabs have been added to viral transport media from individuals who are suspected of COVID-19 by their healthcare provider. The SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein antigen is generally detectable in respiratory specimens during the acute phase of infection. Positive results are indicative of the presence of SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein antigen, but clinical correlation with patient history and other diagnostic information is necessary to determine infection status. Positive results do not rule out bacterial infection or co-infection with other viruses. Negative results should be treated as presumptive and confirmed with a molecular assay, if necessary for patient management.
Product: Lyra Direct SARS-CoV-2 Assay
Date of approval: May 19, 2020
Time: Unknown
Brief Description: RT-PCR based SARS-CoV-2 RNA detection kit
Details: Lyra Direct SARS-CoV-2 Assay is a qualitative test for the detection of nucleic acid from SARS-CoV-2 in nasal (NS), nasopharyngeal (NP), or oropharyngeal (OP) direct swab specimens from individuals suspected of COVID-19 by their healthcare provider. The SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid is generally detectable in upper respiratory specimens during the acute phase of infection. Positive results are indicative of the presence of SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid; clinical correlation with patient history and other diagnostic information is necessary to determine patient infection status. Positive results do not rule out bacterial infection or co-infection with other viruses.
Product: Elecsys Anti-SARS-CoV-2
Date of approval: May 2, 2020
Time: Unknown
Brief Description: Immunoassay to detect anti-COVID-19 antibodies
Details: Elecsys Anti-SARS-CoV-2 is a qualitative test for the detection of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in human serum or plasma (Heparin or EDTA). The product is intended for use as an aid in identifying individuals with an adaptive immune response to SARS-CoV-2, indicating recent or prior infection
Product: cobas SARS-CoV-2 test
Date of approval: March 12, 2020 (EUA), CE-IVD
Time: 96 results in about 3.5 h and a total of 384 results for the cobas 6800 System and 1056 results for the cobas 8800 System in 8 h.
Brief Description: RT-PCR for qualitative detection of SARS-CoV-2
Details: The tests are for use on the automated cobas 6800/8800 Systems under Emergency Use Authorization. Test is a single-well dual target assay, which includes both specific detection of SARS-CoV-2 and pan-sarbecovirus detection for the sarbecovirus subgenus family that includes SARS-CoV-2. The assay has a full-process negative control, positive control and internal control. Results are for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA that are detectable in nasal, nasopharyngeal, and oropharyngeal swab samples during infection.
Product: Rutgers Clinical Genomics Laboratory TaqPath SARS-CoV-2 Assay
Date of approval: May 7, 2020
Time: Unknown
Brief Description: RT-PCR kit
Details: Rutgers Clinical Genomics Laboratory TaqPath SARS-CoV-2 Assay is a qualitative test for the detection of nucleic acid from SARS-CoV-2 in in oropharyngeal (throat) swab, nasopharyngeal swab, anterior nasal swab, mid-turbinate nasal swab, and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid from individuals suspected of COVID-19 by their healthcare provider.
Product: Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Nucleic Acid Diagnostic Kit (PCR-Fluorescence Probing)
Date of approval: May 4, 2020 (EUA)
Time: Unknown
Brief Description: Real time RT-PCR using approved real-time PCR instrument
Details: Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Nucleic Acid Diagnostic Kit (PCR-Fluorescence Probing is a qualitative test for the detection of nucleic acid from SARS-CoV-2 in nasopharyngeal swabs, oropharyngeal (throat) swabs, anterior nasal swabs, mid-turbinate swabs, nasal washes, and nasal aspirates from individuals suspected of COVID-19 by their healthcare provider. The SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid is generally detectable in respiratory specimens during the acute phase of infection. Positive results are indicative of the presence of SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid; clinical correlation with patient history and other diagnostic information is necessary to determine patient infection status. Positive results do not rule out bacterial infection or co-infection with other viruses.
Product: Allplex 2019-nCoV Assay
Date of approval: April 21, 2020 (EUA)
Time: 1 h 50 min
Brief Description: Multiplex real-time RT-PCR-based detection system
Details: Allplex test kit is a qualitative test for the detection of nucleic acid from SARS-CoV-2 in human nasopharyngeal swab, oropharyngeal swab, anterior nasal swab, mid-turbinate and sputum specimens from individuals who are suspected of COVID-19 by their health care provider. Detection and identification of target genes (E gene, RdRP gene, N gene) specific for COVID-19 in a single tube.
Product: Dimension Vista SARS-CoV-2 Total antibody assay (COV2T)
Date of approval: June 8, 2020 (EUA)
Time: Unknown
Brief Description: Total Antibody, CLIA
Details: The COV2T assay detects both IgM and longer-lasting IgG antibodies with high sensitivity of recent and prior infection. This allows for identification of patients who have developed an adaptive immune response, which indicates recent infection or prior exposure.
Product: Sherlock CRISPR SARS-CoV-2 Kit
Date of approval: May 6, 2020
Time: Unknown
Brief Description: The assay is comprised of two steps. Step one is RT-LAMP where targeted SARS-CoV-2 genomic RNA is reverse transcribed to DNA then amplified by a strand-displacing DNA polymerase. Step two transcribes the amplified DNA to activate collateral cleavage activity of a CRISPR complex programmed to the target RNA sequence.
Details: Based on the SHERLOCK method, which stands for Specific High-sensitivity Enzymatic Reporter unLOCKing, the kit works by programming a CRISPR molecule to detect the presence of a specific genetic signature – in this case, the genetic signature for SARS-CoV-2 – in a nasal swab, nasopharyngeal swab, oropharyngeal swab or bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) specimen. When the signature is found, the CRISPR enzyme is activated and releases a detectable signal. In addition to SHERLOCK, the company is also developing its INSPECTR platform to create an instrument-free, handheld test – similar to that of an at-home pregnancy test – that utilizes Sherlock Biosciences’ Synthetic Biology platform to provide rapid detection of a genetic match of the SARS-CoV-2 virus.
Product: Stanford SARS-CoV-2 assay
Date of approval: April 8, 2020 (EUA)
Time: 2-3 days
Details: The Stanford Clinical Virology Laboratory was one of the first academic medical labs in the country to develop and administer a diagnostic test for the COVID-19 virus. Since starting to use the test in early March, more than 12,000 have been conducted on samples collected from people with symptoms of COVID-19 or with a known exposure to someone with the disease. Of these, about 9% have tested positive. The laboratory currently performs as many as 2,000 tests per day from samples collected at several Bay Area locations.
Product: TaqPath COVID-19 Combo Kit.
Date of approval: March 13, 2020 (FDA EUA).
Brief Description: Multiplex real-time PCR detection of RNA from the SARS-CoV-2
Time: 94 patient specimens in under 3 hours.
Details: The TaqPath COVID-19 Combo Kit consists of both the TaqPath RT-PCR COVID-19 Kit and the TaqPath COVID-19 Control Kit. The kit can be used by clinical and public health laboratories to quickly evaluate up to 94 patient specimens in under 3 hours. The kit is approved for use with RNA extracted from nasopharyngeal swabs, nasopharyngeal aspirate (nasal aspirate), and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) from patients at risk of exposure to the SARS-CoV-2 virus or with signs and symptoms of COVID-19. Testing is limited to laboratories certified under the CLIA.
Product: New York SARS-CoV Microsphere Immunoassay for Antibody Detection
Date of approval: April 30, 2020 (EUA)
Time: Unknown
Brief Description: Microsphere Immunoassay for Antibody Detection (IgG, IgM, IgA).
Details: Qualitative detection of total antibody (IgG, IgM, and IgA) to SARS-CoV-2 in human serum. Intended for use as an aid in identifying individuals who may have high levels of SARS-CoV-2-reactive antibodies in their blood that reflect an adaptive immune response to SARS-CoV-2 indicating recent or prior infection. Emergency use of this test is limited to Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, which is certified under the CLIA to perform high complexity tests.
Product: SalivaDirect
Date of approval: August 15, 2020 (FDA EUA)
Time: Unknown
Brief Description: Saliva Sample Processing without separate nucleic acid extraction.
Details: Yale intends to provide SalivaDirect protocol to interested labs as opensource. SalivaDirect does not require any special type of swab or collection device; a saliva sample can be collected in any sterile container. This test is also unique because it does not require a separate nucleic acid extraction step. This is significant because the extraction kits used for this step in other tests have been prone to shortages in the past. Being able to perform a test without these kits enhances the capacity for increased testing, while reducing the strain on available resources. Additionally, the SalivaDirect methodology has been validated and authorized for use with different combinations of commonly used reagents and instruments, meaning the test could be used broadly in most high-complexity labs.
Product: Quick SARS-CoV-2rRT-PCR Kit
Date of approval: May 7, 2020
Time: Unknown
Brief Description: RT-PCR COVID-19 detection kit
Details: Quick SARS-CoV-2rRT-PCR Kit is a qualitative test for the detection of nucleic acid from SARS-CoV-2 in upper respiratory specimens (such as nasal, nasopharyngeal, mid-turbinate or oropharyngeal swabs), and lower respiratory specimens (such as sputum, tracheal aspirates, and bronchoalveolar lavage) from patients suspected of COVID-19 by their healthcare provider. The SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid is generally detectable in respiratory specimens during the acute phase of infection. Positive results are indicative of the presence of SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid; clinical correlation with patient history and other diagnostic information is necessary to determine patient infection status. Positive results do not rule out bacterial infection or co-infection with other viruses
Updated: 05 April, 2021
Following is the list of all SARS-CoV-2 tests commercially available or in development for the diagnosis of COVID-19 collated by the Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics (FIND), which is information directly submitted by test suppliers or obtained from publicly available sources.
| Manufacturer | Manufacturer | Test | Approval |
|---|---|---|---|
| Immunoassay | Calbiotech, Inc. | ErbaLisa COVID-19 IgM ELISA | RUO |
| Molecular assay | Abbott Molecular Inc. | Alinity m SARS-CoV-2 | US FDA EUA - Singapore HSA - Australia TGA - CE-IVD |
| Molecular assay | Merlin Biomedical (Xiamen) Co., Ltd | Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) RT-PCR Kit | CE-IVD |
| Immunoassay | SignalChem Biotech Inc. | 2019-nCoV S1 Human IgG-IgA-IgM ELISA Kit | RUO |
| Immunoassay | Anomalous Materials Pte Ltd | 2019-nCoV IgG/IgM Rapid Testing Kit | CE-IVD |
| Immunoassay | KRISHGEN BioSytems | Human SARS-CoV-2 (Covid-19) Qualitative ELISA | RUO |
| Molecular assay | Spectrum for Diagnostic Industries (SDI) | SARS-CoV-2 Qualitative Real Time PCR Kit | RUO |
| Immunoassay | Biolidics Ltd | 2019-nCoV IgG/IgM Antibody Detection Kit | Singapore HSA - CE-IVD |
| Immunoassay | Zhuhai Lituo Biotechnology Co., Ltd | COVID-19 Antigen Detection Kit (Immunofluorescence Assay) | CE-IVD |
| Molecular assay | Genomica Sau | CLART COVID-19 | CE-IVD |
An Overview of Coronavirus (COVID-19) Vaccine Candidates
Over the past 18 years, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS), and now COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) have caused unimaginable distress, mortality, morbidity, social disturbances, and economic disruptions [1]. To mitigate the consequences of COVID-19 and to protect from future pandemics, vaccines are urgently needed. Since the pandemic started, scientists worldwide are evaluating different approaches at unprecedented speed with novel paradigms and accelerated development to trigger the immune system to produce effective neutralizing antibodies and enough T-cells that can fight COVID-19, in hopes of inducing the kind of responses that maybe associated with protection and minimal adverse events. The World Health Organization (WHO) maintains a working document that includes most of the vaccines in development. As of January 04, 2021, there were 60 candidate vaccines in clinical testing and 172 candidate vaccines in preclinical evaluation as per the continually updated published draft vaccine landscape by WHO.
Fig. 1 shows at least eight different approaches that have been explored for the development of a vaccine. These include Whole virus vaccines (Weakened or Inactivated form), Viral-vector vaccines (Replicating or Non-replicating), Genetic forms (RNA, DNA), Protein-based vaccines (Subunit or Virus-like Particles). In addition, pre-existing vaccines (e. g. MMR, Poliovirus, or Tuberculosis) are being explored as well for the possibility that these might confer protection against the SARS-CoV-2 virus.
Vaccine Development Timelines
Steps and timelines for traditional and pandemic vaccine development are shown in Fig. 2. The traditional vaccine testing process begins with the Preclinical trials (in labs, and then in animals if it shows potential) followed by the Phase 1 safety trials (20-100 healthy volunteers), the expanded Phase 2 trials (several hundred enrolled for observing common short-term side effects and dosing responses), and then Phase 3 efficacy trials (hundreds or thousands of volunteers). Vaccinated people are compared with people who have received a placebo or another vaccine so researchers can learn more about the test vaccine’s safety and effectiveness and identify common side effects. Once a vaccine is successfully passed these requirements, the approval process is followed (CDC; FDA). A decade or longer is more typical for the completion of a successful candidate.
However, in a pandemic situation, a vaccine may receive Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) before getting any kind of formal approval, Phases 2 and 3 may be combined to shorten the time for development, and the Human challenge trials (controlled human infection model) can be skipped. The WHO Research Ethics Review Committee (ERC) was split over whether COVID-19 Human challenge trials should be performed in the absence of a rescue treatment. The current speed with which vaccines are being developed is remarkable, from the first deciphering of the SARS-CoV-2 genome published on 11 January 2020 through Phase 3 trials in 6 months, as compared with a typical timeline of 2 to 10 years. It should be noted that several companies have already pursued large scale manufacturing of vaccines before establishing the vaccine safety, efficacy and/or receiving the final regulatory approval.
As of January 04, 2021, as per the WHO, there were 172 vaccine programs in preclinical stages. There were 21, 25, and 15 vaccine candidates in Phase 1, Phase 2 (Phase 1/2) and Phase 3 (Phase 2/3), respectively. In an unprecedented move, the vaccine candidate from CanSino Biologics was approved for limited use on June 25, 2020. Later, on August 11, the vaccine candidate Sputnik V from Gamaleya Research Institute, part of Russia’s Ministry of Health, was conditionally approved before Phase 3 trials. Another candidate from Russia, EpiVacCorona from the Vector Institute was granted regulatory approval. On September 14, the U.A.E. government, following intermediate results from ongoing trials, gave emergency approval for Sinopharm’s vaccine to be used on health care workers as a priority.
On December 2, 2020, the United Kingdom gave emergency authorization to Pfizer and BioNTech’s vaccine, becoming the first Western country to give such an approval to a coronavirus vaccine.
Several vaccine candidates are now in the final stages of their development, including receiving of approvals as well as Emergency Use Authorization (EUA). Pfizer/BioNTech and Moderna vaccines are already under EUA in the U. S. and people are being vaccinated. The candidate from Pfizer-BioNTech was approved in Canada and other countries as well. The adenovirus vector vaccine from Oxford/AstraZeneca has been now approved by the UK authorities as well as in India and Argentina. Indian authorities also approved the inactivated vaccine Covaxin from Bharat Biotech following a double-bind, randomized, multi-center phase 2 clinical trial and an ongoing phase 3 trial. The Sinopharm candidate has been approved in China, U.A.E., and Bahrain while the Sinovac candidate has been approved for limited use in China, both currently in Phase 3 (Source: Vaccine tracker).
Current Status
As of January 04, 2021, several advanced candidates have moved ahead into clinical development.
One example, the mRNA-1273 vaccine candidate manufactured by Moderna, is a novel lipid nanoparticle (LNP)-encapsulated mRNA-based vaccine that encodes for a full-length, prefusion stabilized Spike (S) protein of SARS-CoV-2. The purpose of this design was to stimulate neutralizing antibodies directed at a portion of the S protein, which the virus uses to bind to human receptor and enter human cells [2]. Based on the results of the Phase 1 study, the 100 ug dose level was chosen as the optimal dose level to maximize the immune response while minimizing adverse reactions. Phase 1 trial assessing mRNA-1273 demonstrated that the two-dose vaccine series did not cause severe adverse events and could elicit neutralization and Th1-biased CD4+ T-cell responses [2,3]. The Phase 3 COVE trial was a randomized, 1:1 placebo-controlled study testing the vaccine at the 100 µg dose level in 30,000 participants in the U.S., ages 18 and older. The COVE study includes more than 7,000 Americans over the age of 65. Moderna on December 18, 2020 announced FDA authorization of vaccine in U.S. [16].
The leading candidates, currently undergoing Phase 3 (and Phase 2/3) evaluations, are mostly based on platforms that either utilize non-replicating viral vectors, inactivated virus, or protein subunits. These primed a better targeted immune response against SARS-CoV-2 infection. According to early results, these candidates have illustrated (1, 17) the ability to generate a substantial T-cell response against SARS-CoV-2 and (2) the ability to increase the levels of neutralizing antibodies that were effective in binding the S-protein of COVID-19 receptor binding domain [2-4,9,10].
Table 1. The characteristics of clinical-phase 3 vaccine candidates (January 04, 2021).
| Developers | Platform | Candidate | No. of doses | Timing | Administration | Stage |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sinovac Research and Development Co., Ltd | Inactivated virus | SARS-CoV-2 vaccine (inactivated) | 2 | Day 0 + 14 | IM | Phase 3 (NCT04456595, NCT04508075, NCT04582344, NCT04617483, NCT04651790) |
| Sinopharm + Wuhan Institute of Biological Products | Inactivated virus | Inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine (Vero cell) | 2 | Day 0 + 21 | IM | Phase 3 (ChiCTR2000034780, ChiCTR2000039000, NCT04510207, NCT04612972) |
| Sinopharm + Beijing Institute of Biological Products | Inactivated virus | Inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine (Vero cell) | 2 | Day 0 + 21 | IM | Phase 3 (ChiCTR2000034780, NCT04560881, NCT04510207) |
| AstraZeneca + University of Oxford | Viral vector (Non-replicating) | ChAdOx1-S - (AZD1222) (Covishield) | 1 | Day 0 + 28 | IM | Phase 3 (ISRCTN89951424, NCT04516746, NCT04540393, NCT04536051) |
| CanSino Biological Inc./Beijing Institute of Biotechnology | Viral vector (Non-replicating) | Recombinant novel coronavirus vaccine (Adenovirus type 5 vector) | 1 | Day 0 | IM | Phase 3 (NCT04526990, NCT04540419) |
| Gamaleya Research Institute ; Health Ministry of the Russian Federation | Viral vector (Non-replicating) | Gam-COVID-Vac Adeno-based (rAd26-S+rAd5-S) | 2 | Day 0 + 21 | IM | Phase 3 (NCT04530396, NCT04564716, NCT04642339, NCT04656613) |
| Janssen Pharmaceutical | Viral vector (Non-replicating) | Ad26.COV2.S | 1 | Day 0 or Day 0 +56 | IM | Phase 3 (NCT04505722, NCT04614948) |
| Novavax | Protein subunit | SARS-CoV-2 rS/Matrix M1-Adjuvant (Full length recombinant SARS CoV-2 glycoprotein nanoparticle vaccine adjuvanted with Matrix M) | 2 | Day 0 + 21 | IM | Phase 3 (NCT04611802, NCT04583995, EUCTR2020-004123-16-GB) |
| Moderna + National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) | RNA based vaccine | mRNA -1273 | 2 | Day 0 + 28 | IM | Phase 3 (NCT04470427) |
| BioNTech + Fosun Pharma ; Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Prevention and Control + Pfizer | RNA based vaccine | BNT162 (3 LNP-mRNAs ) | 2 | Day 0 + 28 | IM | Phase 2/3 (NCT04368728) |
| Anhui Zhifei Longcom Biopharmaceutical + Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences | Protein subunit | Recombinant SARS-CoV-2 vaccine (CHO Cell) | 2 | Day 0 + 28 or Day 0 + 28 + 56 | IM | Phase 3 (ChiCTR2000040153, NCT04646590) |
| CureVac AG | RNA based vaccine | CVnCoV Vaccine | 2 | Day 0 + 28 | IM | Phase 2/3 (EUCTR2020-004066-19, NCT04674189) |
Repurposed (Pre-existing) Vaccines
Given the imperative for scale and speed, epidemiological investigations have suggested a strong correlation among countries with universal vaccination policies and the severity of COVID-19. Findings suggested that countries with universal vaccination policies against Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG, Tuberculosis) and/or against MMR (Measles, Mumps and Rubella) showed a significant reduction of mortality and infection rates [11-13]. Authors suggest that such pre-existing vaccines may boost an individual’s immune response, reduce the severity of COVID-19, and alleviate the symptoms associated with COVID-19. Multiple such studies have revealed interesting associations with COVID-19 severity and vaccination coverage in the population [13, 14]. Despite the initiation of clinical trials (NCT04327206; NCT04357028), the WHO does not recommend such re-purposed vaccines until scientific evidence is provided. As cautioned by the WHO and while still in the middle of this pandemic, COVID-19 cases and deaths continue to increase over time in some BCG-using countries (e.g. Brazil, India, and Mexico) [Johns Hopkins, 15].
Finally, as the world awaits the vaccine as a salvation, strong coalition between developers, researchers, politicians, regulators, and funders will be needed to ensure that the approved vaccine candidate can be manufactured in large quantities and be supplied impartially to all impacted areas. The FDA has released guidelines for the development and licensure of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, which also states that an efficacy of at least 50% will be required [18].
Regular updates and details on promising vaccine candidates are outlined in our “Highlights” tab (Dashboard).
Prepared by: Fuad Odeh & Sudheer Krishna. Updated : 04 January, 2021.
References
- COVID-19, SARS and MERS: are they closely related? Petrosilo et al. (2020), Clinical Microbiology and Infection: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2020.03.026
- SARS-CoV-2 mRNA Vaccine Development Enabled by Prototype Pathogen Preparedness, K. S. Corbett, bioRxiv (2020): https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.11.145920
- An mRNA Vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 — Preliminary Report, Jackson et al., (2020) The New England Journal of Medicine (2020): DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2022483
- Phase 1/2 Study to Describe the Safety and Immunogenicity of a COVID-19 RNA Vaccine Candidate (BNT162b1) in Adults 18 to 55 Years of Age: Interim Report, Mulligan et al., (2020) MedRxiv: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.30.20142570
- Concurrent human antibody and TH1 type T-cell responses elicited by a COVID-19 RNA vaccine, Sahin et al., (2020) MedRxiv: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07.17.20140533
- Safety and immunogenicity of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine against SARS-CoV-2: a preliminary report of a phase 1/2, single-blind, randomized controlled trial, Folegatti et al., (2020) The Lancet: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31604-4
- Safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of a recombinant adenovirus type-5 vectored COVID-19 vaccine: a dose-escalation, open-label, non-randomized, first-in-human trial, Zhu et al., (2020) The Lancet: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31208-3
- Immunogenicity and safety of a recombinant adenovirus type-5-vectored COVID-19 vaccine in healthy adults aged 18 years or older: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial, Zhu et al., (2020) The Lancet: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31605-6
- Development of an inactivated vaccine candidate for SARS-CoV-2, Q. Gao et al., Science (2020): http://doi.org/10.1126/science.abc1932
- ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccination prevents SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in rhesus macaques, N.v. Doremalen, bioRxiv (2020): https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.13.093195
- Correlation between universal BCG vaccination policy and reduced morbidity and mortality for COVID-19: an epidemiological study. Miller et al., MedRxiv (2020): https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.24.20042937
- BCG vaccine protection from severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Escobar et al, (2020): https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2008410117
- Considering BCG vaccination to reduce the impact of COVID-19, N. Curtis et al., The Lancet (2020): https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31025-4
- Homologous protein domains in SARS-CoV-2 and measles, mumps and rubella viruses: preliminary evidence that MMR vaccine might provide protection against COVID-19, R. Franklin et al., MedRxiv (2020): https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.10.20053207
- The BCG World Atlas: A Database of Global BCG Vaccination Policies and Practices, Zwerling et al., (2011): PLoS Medicine: doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001012
- Moderna Announces FDA Authorization of Moderna COVID-19 Vaccine in U.S. Moderna: https://investors.modernatx.com/news-releases/news-release-details/moderna-announces-fda-authorization-moderna-covid-19-vaccine-us
- SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in development. Florian Krammer (2020), Nature: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2798-3
- Development and Licensure of Vaccines to Prevent COVID-19: Guidance for Industry https://www.fda.gov/media/139638/download
- Gritstone announces dosing of first subject in Covid-19 vaccine study [Link] (04/05/21)
- Meissa Announces IND Clearance for Phase 1 Study of COVID-19 Intranasal Live Attenuated Vaccine [Link] (04/05/21)
- Replicating bacterium-vectored vaccine expressing SARS-CoV-2 Membrane and Nucleocapsid proteins protects against severe COVID-19-like disease in hamsters [Link] (04/05/21)
- Efficacy of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (AZD1222) vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 variant of concern 202012/01 (B.1.1.7): an exploratory analysis of a randomised controlled trial [Link] (04/05/21)
- Vaccine effectiveness of the first dose of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 and BNT162b2 against SARS-CoV-2 infection in residents of Long-Term Care Facilities (VIVALDI study) [Link] (04/05/21)
- Pfizer-BioNTech Announce Positive Topline Results of Pivotal COVID-19 Vaccine Study in Adolescents [Link] (04/05/21)
- NIH clinical trial evaluating Moderna COVID-19 variant vaccine begins [Link] (04/05/21)
- Sinopharm, Sinovac COVID-19 vaccine data show efficacy: WHO [Link] (04/05/21)
- Pfizer and BioNTech Confirm High Efficacy and No Serious Safety Concerns Through Up to Six Months Following Second Dose in Updated Topline Analysis of Landmark COVID-19 Vaccine Study [Link] (04/05/21)
- OSE Immunotherapeutics Receives Authorization for Phase 1 Clinical Trial of its Multi-Target Multi-Variant COVID-19 Vaccine [Link] (04/05/21)
- An alphavirus replicon-based vaccine expressing a stabilized Spike antigen induces sterile immunity and prevents transmission of SARS-CoV-2 between cats [Link] (04/05/21)
- Interim Report: Safety And Immunogenicity Of An Inactivated Vaccine Against Sars-Cov-2 In Healthy Chilean Adults In A Phase 3 Clinical Trial [Link] (04/05/21)
- Antibody responses to the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine in individuals previously infected with SARS-CoV-2 [Link] (04/05/21)
- BNT162b2 Vaccination in People Over 80 Years of Age Induces Strong Humoral Immune Responses with Cross Neutralisation of P.1 Brazilian Variant [Link] (04/05/21)
- Single-Dose COVID-19 Nasal Vaccine Limits Infection in Monkeys [Link] (04/05/21)
- Qualitatively distinct modes of Sputnik V vaccine-neutralization escape by SARS-CoV-2 Spike variants [Link] (04/05/21)
- SARS-CoV-2 protein subunit vaccination of mice and rhesus macaques elicits potent and durable neutralizing antibody responses [Link] (04/05/21)
- Johnson & Johnson Expands Phase 2a Clinical Trial of COVID-19 Vaccine Candidate to Include Adolescents [Link] (04/05/21)
- Interim Estimates of Vaccine Effectiveness of BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273 COVID-19 Vaccines in Preventing SARS-CoV-2 Infection Among Health Care Personnel, First Responders, and Other Essential and Frontline Workers – Eight U.S. Locations, December 2020–March 2021 [Link] (03/30/21)
- Mechanism of a COVID-19 nanoparticle vaccine candidate that elicits a broadly neutralizing antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 variants [Link] (03/30/21)
- AZD1222 US Phase III primary analysis confirms safety and efficacy [Link] (03/30/21)
- Efficacy of a Broadly Neutralizing SARS-CoV-2 Ferritin Nanoparticle Vaccine in Nonhuman Primates [Link] (03/30/21)
- The effect of SARS-CoV-2 D614G mutation on BNT162b2 vaccine-elicited neutralization [Link] (03/30/21)
- mRNA vaccination boosts cross-variant neutralizing antibodies elicited by SARS-CoV-2 infection [Link] (03/30/21)
- Clover Biopharmaceuticals and Dynavax Announce First Participants Dosed in SPECTRA, a Global Phase 2/3 Clinical Trial for Adjuvanted S-Trimer COVID-19 Vaccine Candidate [Link] (03/30/21)
- COVID-19 Infection Risk amongst 14,104 Vaccinated Care Home Residents: A national observational longitudinal cohort study in Wales, United Kingdom, December 2020 to March 2021 [Link] (03/30/21)
- Weak humoral immune reactivity among residents of long-term care facilities following one dose of the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine [Link] (03/30/21)
- Past SARS-CoV-2 infection elicits a strong immune response after a single vaccine dose [Link] (03/30/21)
- Sinovac’s Covid-19 vaccine trial triggers immune responses in children [Link] (03/30/21)
- Update following statement by NIAID on AZD1222 US Phase III trial data [Link] (03/30/21)
- The Dual-Antigen Ad5 COVID-19 Vaccine Delivered as an Intranasal Plus Subcutaneous Prime Elicits Th1 Dominant T-Cell and Humoral Responses in CD-1 Mice [Link] (03/30/21)
- BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 Vaccine Effectiveness among Health Care Workers [Link] (03/30/21)
- An mRNA vaccine against SARS-CoV-2: Lyophilized, liposome-based vaccine candidate EG-COVID induces high levels of virus neutralizing antibodies. [Link] (03/30/21)
- Rokote Lab’s COVID-19 Nasal Vaccine on Financing Fence Before Phase I Trials [Link] (03/30/21)
- NIAID Statement on AstraZeneca Vaccine [Link] (03/23/21)
- CureVac Expands CVnCoV COVID-19 Vaccine Candidate Clinical Trial Analyses to Include Phase 2b/3 Variant Specification and Efficacy Secondary Endpoint to Phase 2a [Link] (03/23/21)
- AZD1222 US Phase III trial met primary efficacy endpoint in preventing COVID-19 at interim analysis [Link] (03/23/21)
- CVnCoV protects human ACE2 transgenic mice from ancestral B BavPat1 and emerging B.1.351 SARS-CoV-2 [Link] (03/23/21)
- Evaluating the neutralizing ability of a CpG-adjuvanted S-2P subunit vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 Variants of Concern [Link] (03/23/21)
- Single-component, self-assembling, protein nanoparticles presenting the receptor binding domain and stabilized spike as SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidates [Link] (03/23/21)
- A single BNT162b2 mRNA dose elicits antibodies with Fc-mediated effector functions and boost pre-existing humoral and T cell responses [Link] (03/23/21)
- Dyadic Advancing Towards Human Clinical Trial of its SARS-CoV-2-S-RBD vaccine candidate, DYAI-100 [Link] (03/23/21)
- Associations of the BNT162b2 COVID-19 Vaccine Effectiveness with Patient Age and Comorbidities [Link] (03/23/21)
- Serum Neutralizing Activity Elicited by mRNA-1273 Vaccine [Link] (03/23/21)
- Public Health England vaccine effectiveness report [Link] (03/23/21)
- Translate Bio Announces Results from Second Interim Data Analysis from Ongoing Phase 1/2 Clinical Trial of MRT5005 in Patients with Cystic Fibrosis (CF) [Link] (03/23/21)
- Tonix Pharmaceuticals Reports Positive COVID-19 Vaccine Efficacy Results in Non-Human Primates Vaccinated with TNX-1800 and Challenged with Live SARS-CoV-2 [Link] (03/23/21)
- Recombinant vaccine containing an RBD-Fc fusion induced protection against SARS-CoV-2 in nonhuman primates and mice [Link] (03/17/21)
- Medicago and GSK start Phase 3 trial of adjuvanted COVID-19 vaccine candidate [Link] (03/17/21)
- Efficacy of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 Covid-19 Vaccine against the B.1.351 Variant [Link] (03/17/21)
- First Participants Dosed in Phase 1 Study Evaluating mRNA-1283, Moderna’s Next Generation COVID-19 Vaccine [Link] (03/17/21)
- AdCOVID, Altimmune’s Single Dose, Intranasal COVID-19 Vaccine Candidate, Prevents SARS-CoV-2-induced Disease and Blocks Viral Replication in Preclinical Studies of SARS-CoV-2 Infection [Link] (03/17/21)
- ImmunityBio Announces Positive Interim Phase I Safety Data of hAd5 T-Cell COVID-19 Vaccine Candidate in Oral and Sublingual Formulations [Link] (03/17/21)
- BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine induces antibodies of broader cross-reactivity than natural infection but recognition of mutant viruses is up to 10-fold reduced [Link] (03/17/21)
- Are vaccines safe in patients with Long COVID? A prospective observational study. [Link] (03/17/21)
- Update on the safety of AstraZeneca COVID-19 Vaccine [Link] (03/17/21)
- Sanofi and Translate Bio initiate Phase 1/2 clinical trial of mRNA COVID-19 vaccine candidate [Link] (03/17/21)
- ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (AZD1222) protects against SARS-CoV-2 B.1.351 and B.1.1.7 [Link] (03/17/21)
- Novavax Confirms High Levels of Efficacy Against Original and Variant COVID-19 Strains in United Kingdom and South Africa Trials [Link] (03/17/21)
- Real-world evidence confirms high effectiveness of Pfizer-BioNTech Covid-19 vaccine and profound public health impact of vaccination one year after pandemic declared [Link] (03/17/21)
- EMA recommends COVID-19 Vaccine Janssen for authorisation in the EU [Link] (03/17/21)
- Moderna Announces First Participants Dosed in Study Evaluating COVID-19 Booster Vaccine Candidates [Link] (03/17/21)
- Preliminary studies carried out by Butantan in vaccinated people demonstrate that Coronavac is able to neutralize variants of the new coronavirus [Link] (03/17/21)
- VBI Vaccines begins enrolment in Covid-19 vaccine candidate study [Link] (03/17/21)
- Russia to make Sputnik V vaccine in Italy, a first in EU [Link] (03/17/21)
- Immune Response to SARS-CoV-2 Variants of Concern in Vaccinated Individuals. [Link] (03/17/21)
- SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines induce a robust germinal centre reaction in humans [Link] (03/17/21)
- Vaccine effectiveness after 1st and 2nd dose of the BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 Vaccine in long-term care facility residents and healthcare workers – a Danish cohort study [Link] (03/10/21)
- First dose mRNA vaccination is sufficient to reactivate immunological memory to SARS-CoV-2 in ex COVID-19 subjects [Link] (03/10/21)
- Safety and immunogenicity of an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, BBV152: interim results from a double-blind, randomised, multicentre, phase 2 trial, and 3-month follow-up of a double-blind, randomised phase 1 trial [Link] (03/10/21)
- Neutralizing Activity of BNT162b2-Elicited Serum [Link] (03/10/21)
- Single-dose Oxford-AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine followed by a 12-week booster [Link] (03/10/21)
- Easy-to-deliver mRNA treatment shows promise for stopping flu and Covid-19 viruses [Link] (03/10/21)
- A single dose of SARS CoV 2 FINLAY FR 1A dimeric RBD recombinant vaccine enhances neutralization response in COVID19 convalescents, with excellent safety profile. A preliminary report of an open-label phase 1 clinical trial [Link] (03/10/21)
- Soligenix Announces Positive Progress in the Pre-clinical Development of its COVID-19 Vaccine [Link] (03/10/21)
- CureVac and Novartis Sign Initial Agreement on Manufacturing of COVID-19 Vaccine Candidate, CVnCoV [Link] (03/10/21)
- Bharat Biotech Announces Phase 3 Results of COVAXIN: India’s First COVID-19 Vaccine Demonstrates Interim Clinical Efficacy of 81% [Link] (03/10/21)
- Assessing the Effectiveness of BNT162b2 and ChAdOx1nCoV-19 COVID-19 Vaccination in Prevention of Hospitalisations in Elderly and Frail Adults: A Single Centre Test Negative Case-Control Study [Link] (03/10/21)
- Preliminary Efficacy of the NVX-CoV2373 Covid-19 Vaccine Against the B.1.351 Variant [Link] (03/10/21)
- Immunogenicity of prime-boost protein subunit vaccine strategies against SARS-CoV-2 in mice and macaques [Link] (03/10/21)
- Extended dose intervals for COVID-19 vaccines to optimize early vaccine rollout and population protection in Canada [Link] (03/10/21)
- Delayed Large Local Reactions to mRNA-1273 Vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 [Link] (03/10/21)
- EMA starts rolling review of the Sputnik V COVID-19 vaccine [Link] (03/10/21)
- Merck (MSD) to Help Produce Johnson & Johnson’s COVID-19 Vaccine; BARDA to Provide Merck With Funding to Expand Merck’s Manufacturing Capacity for COVID-19 Vaccines and Medicines [Link] (03/10/21)
- Mice immunized with the vaccine candidate HexaPro spike produce neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 [Link] (03/10/21)
- Novavax expects FDA clearance for Covid vaccine as early as May, CEO says [Link] (03/10/21)
- Sinopharm seeks EUA for Covid-19 vaccines in Philippines [Link] (03/03/21)
- The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices’ Interim Recommendation for Use of Janssen COVID-19 Vaccine — United States, February 2021 [Link] (03/03/21)
- Early effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccination with BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine and ChAdOx1 adenovirus vector vaccine on symptomatic disease, hospitalisations and mortality in older adults in England [Link] (03/03/21)
- Immunogenicity and protective efficacy of inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidate, BBV152 in rhesus macaques [Link] (03/03/21)
- Inovio Expects Late-Stage COVID-19 Vaccine Trial Data by Second Quarter [Link] (03/03/21)
- S-Trimer, a COVID-19 subunit vaccine candidate, induces protective immunity in nonhuman primates [Link] (03/03/21)
- Evaluation of a SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine NVX-CoV2373 in Younger and Older Adults [Link] (03/03/21)
- Johnson & Johnson Single-Shot COVID-19 Vaccine Candidate Unanimously Recommended for Emergency Use Authorization by U.S. FDA Advisory Committee [Link] (03/03/21)
- Takeda doses first subject in Japanese Covid-19 vaccine trial [Link] (03/03/21)
- AIVITA Biomedical Completes Phase 1 Study of Personalized COVID-19 Vaccine Candidate, AV-COVID-19 [Link] (03/03/21)
- FDA Allows More Flexible Storage, Transportation Conditions for Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine [Link] (03/03/21)
- Sinopharm’s Wuhan unit reports 72.5% efficacy for COVID shot, seeks approval in China [Link] (03/03/21)
Select promising vaccine candidates currently in clinical trials are detailed below.
Candidate: Adenovirus type 26 based vaccine Ad26.COV2.S.
Sponsors/Developers: Janssen Vaccines & Prevention B.V (Johnson & Johnson), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center.
Location: United States, United Kingdom, Belgium, Brazil, Japan, Others
Trial identifier: NCT04509947 (Phase 1); NCT04436276 (Phase1/2); NCT04614948 (Phase 3, ENSEMBLE 2); EudraCT Number: 2020-001483-28 (Phase 1/2a); EudraCT Number: 2020-002584-63 (Phase 2a)
Description: Ad26 vector encoding for a membrane-bound stabilized S protein with a wild type signal peptide.
The company’s large-scale, pivotal, multi-country Phase 3 trial (ENSEMBLE) for its COVID-19 vaccine candidate, JNJ-78436735 was initiated following positive interim results from the Company’s Phase 1/2a clinical study, which demonstrated that the safety profile and immunogenicity after a single vaccination were supportive of further development. Based on these results and following discussions with the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), ENSEMBLE will enroll up to 60,000 volunteers across three continents and will study the safety and efficacy of a single vaccine dose versus placebo in preventing COVID-19.
The Janssen COVID-19 vaccine candidate leverages the Company’s AdVac technology platform, which was also used to develop and manufacture Janssen’s European Commission approved Ebola vaccine and construct its Zika, RSV, and HIV vaccine candidates. Janssen’s AdVac technology platform has been used to vaccinate more than 100,000 people to date across Janssen’s investigational vaccine programs. With Janssen’s AdVac technology, the vaccine, if successful, is estimated at launch to remain stable for two years at -20 °C and at least three months at 2-8° C.
The Phase 3 ENSEMBLE study of the single-dose regimen continues to enroll and vaccinate study participants. ENSEMBLE is proceeding to enroll up to 60,000 participants worldwide. In addition to the single-dose regimen ENSEMBLE study, Janssen has now initiated the two-dose regimen ENSEMBLE 2 trial. ENSEMBLE 2 is a complementary, planned, pivotal, large-scale, multi-country Phase 3 trial that will study the safety and efficacy of a two-dose regimen of the investigational Janssen vaccine candidate for the prevention of COVID-19 in up to 30,000 participants worldwide. The ENSEMBLE and ENSEMBLE 2 trials will run in parallel.
On January 19, 2021, interim Results of a Phase 1–2a Trial of Ad26.COV2.S Covid-19 Vaccine was published. After the administration of the first vaccine dose in 805 participants in cohorts 1 and 3 and after the second dose in cohort 1, the most frequent solicited adverse events were fatigue, headache, myalgia, and injection-site pain. The most frequent systemic adverse event was fever. Systemic adverse events were less common in cohort 3 than in cohort 1 and in those who received the low vaccine dose than in those who received the high dose. Reactogenicity was lower after the second dose. Neutralizing-antibody titers against wild-type virus were detected in 90% or more of all participants on day 29 after the first vaccine dose, regardless of vaccine dose or age group, and reached 100% by day 57 with a further increase in titers in cohort 1a. Titers remained stable until at least day 71. A second dose provided an increase in the titer by a factor of 2.6 to 2.9.
Status: Johnson & Johnson announced on February 27, 2021 that the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has issued Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) for its single-dose COVID-19 vaccine, developed by the Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, to prevent COVID-19 in individuals 18 years of age and older. This decision was based on the totality of scientific evidence, including data from the Phase 3 ENSEMBLE study that demonstrated the vaccine was 85 percent effective in preventing severe disease across all regions studied, and showed protection against COVID-19 related hospitalization and death, beginning 28 days after vaccination.
On March 11, 2021, The EMA also announced that it has recommended granting a conditional marketing authorization for the Janssen COVID-19 vaccine from Johnson & Johnson, to be used in people 18 and older. It is the fourth COVID-19 vaccine recommended for use in Europe.
References:
- Press release: Johnson & Johnson Announces Acceleration of its COVID-19 Vaccine Candidate; Phase 1/2a Clinical Trial to Begin in Second Half of July. Johnson & Johnson (06/10/20).
- Publication: Ad26 vector-based COVID-19 vaccine encoding a prefusion-stabilized SARS-CoV-2 Spike immunogen induces potent humoral and cellular immune responses. Nature (09/28/20).
- Publication: Ad26 vaccine protects against SARS-CoV-2 severe clinical disease in hamsters. Nature (09/03/20).
- Publication: Single-shot Ad26 vaccine protects against SARS-CoV-2 in rhesus macaques. Nature (07/30/20).
- Press Release: Johnson & Johnson Initiates Pivotal Global Phase 3 Clinical Trial of Janssen’s COVID-19 Vaccine Candidate. JnJ (09/23/20).
- Preprint: Safety and immunogenicity of the Ad26.COV2.S COVID-19 vaccine candidate: interim results of a phase 1/2a, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. medRxiv (09/25/20).
- Preprint: Immunogenicity of one- and two-dose regimens of the Ad26.COV2.S COVID-19 vaccine candidate in adult and aged rhesus macaques. bioRxiv (11/17/20).
- Press Release: Johnson & Johnson Initiates Second Global Phase 3 Clinical Trial of its Janssen COVID-19 Vaccine Candidate. Johnson & Johnson (11/15/20).
- Protocol: A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Phase 3 Study to Assess the Efficacy and Safety of Ad26.COV2.S for the Prevention of SARS-CoV-2-mediated COVID-19 in Adults Aged 18 Years and Older. Janssen Vaccines (09/15/20).
- Press release: Johnson & Johnson COVID-19 Vaccine Authorized by U.S. FDA For Emergency Use – First Single-Shot Vaccine in Fight Against Global Pandemic. Johnson & Johnson (02/27/21).
- Publication: Interim Results of a Phase 1–2a Trial of Ad26.COV2.S Covid-19 Vaccine. NEJM (01/19/21).
- Press release: EMA recommends COVID-19 Vaccine Janssen for authorisation in the EU. EMA (03/11/21).
Candidate: Non-Replicating Viral Vector AZD1222 (ChAdOx1)
Sponsors/Developers: The University of Oxford, The Jenner Institute | AstraZeneca; BARDA; UK Ministry of Health
Location: UK, Brazil, United States, South Africa, Others.
Trial Identifier: NCT04400838 (COV002, Phase 2/3); ISRCTN: 15281137; NCT04516746 (Phase 2/3); NCT04536051 and ISRCTN89951424 (Phase 3, COV003); NCT04324606 (Phase 1/2); NCT04444674 (Phase 1/2); NCT04540393 (Phase 3); NCT04568031 (Phase 1/2)
Description: ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (AZD1222) is a replication-defective chimpanzee adenovirus-vectored vaccine expressing the full-length SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein gene (GenBank accession number MN908947). It uses a replication-deficient chimpanzee viral vector based on a weakened version of a common cold virus (adenovirus) that causes infections in chimpanzees and contains the genetic material of the SARS-CoV-2 virus spike protein. After vaccination, the surface spike protein is produced, priming the immune system to attack the SARS-CoV-2 virus if it later infects the body.
Vaccination of rhesus macaques with a single dose of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 generates humoral and cellular immune responses and protects from lower respiratory infection after subsequent challenge with SARS-CoV-2. AZD1222 was co-invented by the University of Oxford and its spin-out company, Vaccitech.
Preliminary results of a phase 1/2 clinical trial of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 in adults aged 18-55 years show that the vaccine is well tolerated and generates robust neutralising antibody and cellular immune responses against the spike glycoprotein.
The vaccine platform will also be tested in inhaled form alongside the candidate from Imperial College London.
After an interim safety review, the company on 23 October announced that clinical trials for the AZD1222 have resumed across the world with regulators in the US, UK, Brazil, South Africa and Japan confirming that it was safe to do so.
In the phase 2 component of a single-blind, randomised, controlled, phase 2/3 trial (COV002), healthy adults aged 18 years and older were enrolled at two UK clinical research facilities, in an age-escalation manner, into 18-55 years, 56-69 years, and 70 years and older immunogenicity subgroups. The Phase II trial reported a total of 560 healthy volunteers, with 160 aged 18-55 years, 160 aged 56-69 years, and 240 aged 70 or over. Article published on November 18, 2020 in The Lancet showed ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 appeared to be better tolerated in older adults than in younger adults and has similar immunogenicity across all age groups after a boost dose. Antibody responses against the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein were induced in all age groups and were boosted and maintained at 28 days after booster vaccination, including in the 70 years and older group. Cellular immune responses were also induced in all age and dose groups, peaking at day 14 after vaccination. Local and systemic reactions were more common in participants given ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 than in those given the control vaccine, and similar in nature to those previously reported (injection-site pain, feeling feverish, muscle ache, headache), but were less common in older adults (aged ≥56 years) than younger adults.
“The robust antibody and T-cell responses seen in older people in our study are encouraging,” said Maheshi Ramasamy, a consultant and co-lead investigator at the Oxford Vaccine Group. Late-stage, or Phase III, trials are ongoing to confirm the findings, researchers said, and to test whether the vaccine protects against infection with SARS-CoV-2 in a broad range of people, including people with underlying health conditions.
On 23rd November, the company announced that the AZD1222 vaccine met primary efficacy endpoint in preventing COVID-19.Positive high-level results from an interim analysis of clinical trials of AZD1222 in the UK and Brazil showed the vaccine was highly effective in preventing COVID-19, the primary endpoint, and no hospitalizations or severe cases of the disease were reported in participants receiving the vaccine. There was a total of 131 COVID-19 cases in the interim analysis. One dosing regimen (n=2,741) showed vaccine efficacy of 90% when AZD1222 was given as a half dose, followed by a full dose at least one month apart, and another dosing regimen (n=8,895) showed 62% efficacy when given as two full doses at least one month apart. The combined analysis from both dosing regimens (n=11,636) resulted in an average efficacy of 70%. All results were statistically significant (p<=0.0001). The Company will seek an Emergency Use Listing from the World Health Organization for an accelerated pathway to vaccine availability in low-income countries. In parallel, the full analysis of the interim results is being submitted for publication in a peer-reviewed journal.
Safety and efficacy of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine (AZD1222) data against SARS-CoV-2 was published in the Lancet on December 8, 2020. It was an interim analysis of four randomised controlled trials in Brazil, South Africa, and the UK. Participants aged 18 years and older were randomly assigned (1:1) to ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine or control. 23848 participants were enrolled and 11636 participants (7548 in the UK, 4088 in Brazil) were included in the interim primary efficacy analysis. In participants who received two standard doses, vaccine efficacy was 62·1% and in participants who received a low dose followed by a standard dose, efficacy was 90·0%. Overall vaccine efficacy across both groups was 70·4%. From 21 days after the first dose, there were ten cases hospitalised for COVID-19, all in the control arm; two were classified as severe COVID-19, including one death. There were 74341 person-months of safety follow-up: 175 severe adverse events occurred in 168 participants, 84 events in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group and 91 in the control group. Three events were classified as possibly related to a vaccine: one in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group, one in the control group, and one in a participant who remains masked to group allocation.
WHO on February 10, 2021 has announced Interim recommendations for use of the AZD1222 (ChAdOx1-S [recombinant]) vaccine against COVID19 developed by Oxford University and AstraZeneca based on the results obtained.
On March 6, 2021, Oxford–AstraZeneca have published the report of the updated primary efficacy results for the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (AZD1222) vaccine from three single-blind, randomised controlled trials. The study was based on an updated analysis of 17178 participants, 83.9% aged 18–55 years, 10·4% aged 56–69 years and 5·7% aged 70 years or older, conducted in Brazil, South Africa, and the UK. The pooled results from these trials showed an overall vaccine efficacy against symptomatic COVID-19 more than 14 days after the second dose of 66·7%. Vaccine efficacy was 63·1% in those who received two standard doses and 80·7% in those who received the low dose plus standard dose. Notably, in exploratory analyses, vaccine efficacy after a single standard dose was 76·0% (59·3–85·9) from day 22 to day 90, and antibody levels were maintained during this period with minimal waning. Supporting a longer-interval immunisation strategy, vaccine efficacy was significantly higher at 81·3% after two standard doses given at an interval of 12 weeks or longer, compared with 55·1% when given less than 6 weeks apart.
Status: On March 16, 2021, Result published in the peer reviewed journal of a multicenter, double-blind, randomized, controlled trial to assess the safety and efficacy of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine (AZD1222) in people not infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in South Africa. Study enrolled 2026 HIV-negative adults (median age, 30 years); 1010 and 1011 participants received at least one dose of placebo or vaccine, respectively. A two-dose regimen of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine did not show protection against mild-to-moderate Covid-19 due to the B.1.351 variant (Efficacy of 21.9%). Vaccine efficacy against this variant, analyzed as a secondary end point, was 10.4%. The incidence of serious adverse events was balanced between the vaccine and placebo groups.
References:
- Preprint: A single dose of ChAdOx1 MERS provides broad protective immunity against a variety of MERS-CoV strains. bioRxiv (04/13/20).
- Preprint: ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccination prevents SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in rhesus macaques. bioRxiv (05/13/20).
- Publication: Safety and immunogenicity of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine against SARS-CoV-2: a preliminary report of a phase 1/2, single-blind, randomised controlled trial. Lancet (07/20/20).
- Publication: ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine induced antigen-specific antibody and T cells responses after a single dose and enhanced responses after a booster immunization in mice and pigs. Nature (07/27/20).
- Publication: ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine prevents SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in rhesus macaques. Nature (07/30/20).
- Publication: A single-dose intranasal ChAd vaccine protects upper and lower respiratory tracts against SARS-CoV-2. Cell (08/19/20).
- STAT News: Covid-19 vaccine trial participant had serious neurological symptoms, but could be discharged today, AstraZeneca CEO says. STAT (09/09/20).
- Reuters, NYT: AstraZeneca puts leading COVID-19 vaccine trial on hold over safety concern (09/09/20).
- Oxford Univ: University of Oxford resumes vaccine trial (09/09/20).
- News: Vaccine Trial Illness Unlikely to Be Linked to Shot, Oxford Says. (09/16/20).
- Imperial College: Landmark coronavirus study to trial inhaled Imperial and Oxford vaccines. (09/14/20).
- Press Release: FDA authorises restart of the COVID-19 AZD1222 vaccine US Phase III trial. Astrazeneca (10/23/20).
- Protocol: A Phase III Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Multicenter Study in Adults to Determine the Safety, Efficacy, and Immunogenicity of AZD1222, a Non-replicating ChAdOx1 Vector Vaccine, for the Prevention of COVID-19. AstraZeneca (09/17/20).
- News: AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine shows promise in elderly, trial results by Christmas. Reuters (11/18/20).
- Press Release: AZD1222 vaccine met primary efficacy endpoint in preventing COVID-19. Astrazeneca (11/23/20).
- Publication: Safety and efficacy of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine (AZD1222) against SARS-CoV-2: an interim analysis of four randomised controlled trials in Brazil, South Africa, and the UK. Lancet (12/08/20).
- Press Release: Interim recommendations for use of the AZD1222 (ChAdOx1-S (recombinant)) vaccine against COVID-19 developed by Oxford University and AstraZeneca. WHO (11/08/21).
- Publication: Single-dose Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine followed by a 12-week booster. Lancet (03/06/21).
- Publication: Efficacy of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 Covid-19 Vaccine against the B.1.351 Variant. NEJM (03/16/21).
Candidate: Four BNT162 Vaccines – BNT162 a1, b1, b2, and c2, BNT162b2 in Phase 3 and now approved, also known as COMIRNATY.
Sponsors/Developers: Pfizer | BioNTech RNA Pharmaceuticals GmbH | Fosun Pharma
Location: Germany, U. S.
Trial identifier: NCT04368728 (Phase1/2/3); NCT04380701 (Phase 1/2)
Description: The phase 1 clinical trials began in the U.S. and Germany in April and were designed to evaluate the safety, tolerability, and potential efficacy of up to four mRNA vaccine candidates and to select which vaccine candidate and dose should be taken forward for future clinical study. The BNT162b2 candidate, at a 30-µg dose level in a two vaccination course was selected for phase 2/3 and also received U.S. Food and Drug Administration Fast Track designation.
The two lipid nanoparticle–formulated nucleoside-modified RNA (modRNA) vaccine candidates against SARS-CoV-2 were evaluated in the phase 1 portion of the trial in the United States. One of these candidates, BNT162b1, encodes the SARS-CoV-2 receptor–binding domain, trimerized by the addition of a T4 fibritin foldon domain to increase its immunogenicity through multivalent display. The other candidate, BNT162b2, encodes the SARS-CoV-2 full-length spike, modified by two proline mutations to lock it in the prefusion conformation and more closely mimic the intact virus with which the elicited virus-neutralizing antibodies must interact.
BNT162b2, which encodes a prefusion stabilized membrane-anchored SARS-CoV-2 full-length spike was selected over BNT162b1, which encodes a secreted trimerized RBD for Phase 2/3. Additional safety and immunogenicity data were presented from the US Phase 1 trial that supported selection of the vaccine candidate advanced to a pivotal Phase 2/3 safety and efficacy evaluation. BNT162b2 was associated with less systemic reactogenicity, particularly in older adults. In both younger and older adults, the 2 vaccine candidates elicited similar dose-dependent neutralizing titers , higher than convalescent sera.
Immunization of mice with a single dose of BNT162b2 induced dose level-dependent increases in pseudovirus neutralization titers. Prime-boost vaccination of rhesus macaques elicited authentic SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing geometric mean titers 10.2 to 18.0 times that of a SARS-CoV-2 convalescent human serum panel. BNT162b2 generated strong TH1 type CD4+ and IFNg+ CD8+ T-cell responses in mice and rhesus macaques. The BNT162b2 vaccine candidate fully protected the lungs of immunized rhesus macaques from infectious SARS-CoV-2 challenge.
The Phase 3 portion of the clinical trial was designed to determine if the BNT162b2 vaccine candidate is safe and effective in preventing COVID-19 disease. This part of the trial began July 27 and is estimated to enroll up to 44,000 participants. If successful, the next step will be to seek regulatory review and emergency use authorization or approval. In September 2020, Pfizer expanded the enrollment of its Phase 3 pivotal COVID-19 vaccine trial to approximately 44,000 participants. This allowed for the enrollment of new populations, including adolescents as young as 16 years of age and people with chronic, stable HIV (human immunodeficiency viruses), Hepatitis C, or Hepatitis B infection. In October 2020, Pfizer received permission from the FDA to enroll adolescents as young as 12. The Phase 3 clinical trial of BNT162b2 has enrolled 43,538 participants to date, 38,955 of whom have received a second dose of the vaccine candidate as of November 8, 2020.
On 6 October, BioNTech and Pfizer initiated a rolling submission to European Medicines Agency for the candidate BNT162b2 and plan to work with the EMA’s Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP) to complete the rolling review process to facilitate the final Marketing Authorization Application (MAA).
On November 09, 2020, following an interim phase 3 efficacy analysis, Pfizer and BioNTech announced that the mRNA-based vaccine candidate, BNT162b2 was found to be more than 90% effective in preventing COVID-19 in participants without evidence of prior SARS-CoV-2 infection in the first interim efficacy analysis. Analysis evaluated 94 confirmed cases of COVID-19 in trial participants.
A final analysis of the Phase 3 trial shows it was 95% effective in preventing infections, even in older adults, and caused no serious safety concerns, the company said on November 18, 2020. The company counted 170 cases of coronavirus infection among volunteers who took part in the trial. It said 162 infections were in people who got placebo, or plain saline shots, while eight cases were in participants who got the actual vaccine. That works out to an efficacy of 95%, Pfizer said. Data demonstrate vaccine was well tolerated across all populations with over 43,000 participants enrolled; no serious safety concerns observed; the only Grade 3 adverse event greater than 2% in frequency was fatigue at 3.8% and headache at 2.0%. The companies expect to produce globally up to 50 million vaccine doses in 2020 and up to 1.3 billion doses by the end of 2021. Pfizer is confident in its vast experience, expertise and existing cold-chain infrastructure to distribute the vaccine around the world.
Status: On December 08, 2020 the FDA released their independent analysis of the clinical trials. They determined that the Comirnaty has an efficacy rate of 95%.
On December 10, 2020 Pfizer announced that the US FDA voted 17 to 4 in support of the FDA granting Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) for the companies’ COVID-19 mRNA vaccine (BNT162b2). The Phase 3 data demonstrated a vaccine efficacy rate of 95% in participants without prior SARS-CoV-2 infection (first primary objective) and in participants with and without prior SARS-CoV-2 infection (second primary objective), in each case measured from 7 days after the second dose. On December 21, 2020 the European Commission (EC) granted a conditional marketing authorization (CMA) to Pfizer and BioNTech for BNT162b2 (now known as COMIRNATY), for active immunization to prevent COVID-19 in individuals 16 years of age and older. This follows the European Medicines Agency’s (EMA) Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP) positive opinion to authorize the vaccine earlier.
Pfizer announced they will supply an additional 100 million doses of COMIRNATY to the 27 European Union (EU) member states in 2021. This agreement brings the total number of doses to be delivered to the EU to 300 million.
References:
- Preprint: Phase 1/2 Study to Describe the Safety and Immunogenicity of a COVID-19 RNA Vaccine Candidate (BNT162b1) in Adults 18 to 55 Years of Age: Interim Report. medRxiv (07/01/20).
- Press Release: Pfizer and BioNTech Granted FDA Fast Track Designation for Two Investigational mRNA-based Vaccine Candidates Against SARS-CoV-2. Businesswire (07/13/20).
- Preprint: Concurrent human antibody and TH1 type T-cell responses elicited by a COVID-19 RNA vaccine. medRxiv (07/20/20).
- Press Release: PFIZER and BIONTECH announce agreement with the United Kingdom for 30 million doses of mRNA-based vaccine candidate against SARS-COV-2. Pfizer (07/20/20).
- Press Release: Pfizer and BioNTech Choose Lead mRNA Vaccine Candidate Against COVID-19 and Commence Pivotal Phase 2/3 Global Study. BioNTech (07/27/20).
- Publication: Phase 1/2 study of COVID-19 RNA vaccine BNT162b1 in adults. Nature (08/12/20).
- Publication: RNA-Based COVID-19 Vaccine BNT162b2 Selected for a Pivotal Efficacy Study. medRxiv (08/21/20).
- Preprint: A prefusion SARS-CoV-2 spike RNA vaccine is highly immunogenic and prevents lung infection in non-human primates. bioRxiv (09/19/20).
- Press Release: PFIZER AND BIONTECH PROPOSE EXPANSION OF PIVOTAL COVID-19 VACCINE TRIAL. Pfizer (09/12/20).
- Reuters: Pfizer says Covid-19 vaccine showed moderate side effects. Reuters (09/16/20).
- Publication: COVID-19 vaccine BNT162b1 elicits human antibody and TH1 T-cell responses. Nature (09/30/20).
- Press Release: BioNTech and Pfizer Initiate Rolling Submission to European Medicines Agency for SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Candidate BNT162b2. BioNtech (10/06/20).
- Press Release: PFIZER AND BIONTECH ANNOUNCE VACCINE CANDIDATE AGAINST COVID-19 ACHIEVED SUCCESS IN FIRST INTERIM ANALYSIS FROM PHASE 3 STUDY. Pfizer (11/09/20).
- Press Release: PFIZER AND BIONTECH CONCLUDE PHASE 3 STUDY OF COVID-19 VACCINE CANDIDATE, MEETING ALL PRIMARY EFFICACY ENDPOINTS. Pfizer (11/18/20).
- Press Release: PFIZER AND BIONTECH RECEIVE AUTHORIZATION IN THE EUROPEAN UNION FOR COVID-19 VACCINE Pfizer (12/21/20).
- Press Release: PFIZER AND BIONTECH RECEIVE FDA ADVISORY COMMITTEE VOTE SUPPORTING POTENTIAL FIRST EMERGENCY USE AUTHORIZATION FOR VACCINE TO COMBAT COVID-19 IN THE U.S. Pfizer (12/10/20).
- Press Release: PFIZER AND BIONTECH TO SUPPLY THE EUROPEAN UNION WITH 100 MILLION ADDITIONAL DOSES OF COMIRNATY. Pfizer (12/29/20).
- Preprint: BNT162b vaccines are immunogenic and protect non-human primates against SARS-CoV-2. bioRxiv (12/11/20).
- Preprint: BNT162b2 induces SARS-CoV-2-neutralising antibodies and T cells in humans. medRxiv (12/11/20).
- Publication: Safety and Immunogenicity of Two RNA-Based Covid-19 Vaccine Candidates. NEJM (12/17/20).
- Publication: Safety and Efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 Vaccine. NEJM (12/30/20).
Candidate: Lipid nanoparticle (LNP) encapsulated mRNA (mRNA-1273)
Sponsors/Developers: Moderna, Inc. | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); Funding from the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA); Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute
Location: U.S.
Trial identifier: NCT04283461 (Phase 1) NCT04405076 (Phase 2), NCT04470427 (COVE, Phase 3)
Description: mRNA-1273 is an mRNA vaccine encoding for a prefusion stabilized form of the Spike (S) protein, which was selected by Moderna in collaboration with investigators from Vaccine Research Center (VRC) at the NIAID. This vaccine encodes a stabilized version of the SARS-CoV-2 full-length spike glycoprotein trimer, S-2P, which has been modified to include two proline substitutions at the top of the central helix in the S2 subunit. The mRNA is encapsulated in lipid nanoparticles at a concentration of 0.5 mg per milliliter and diluted with normal saline to achieve the final target vaccine concentrations. The first clinical batch, which was funded by the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations, was completed on February 7, 2020 and underwent analytical testing; it was shipped to NIH on February 24, 42 days from sequence selection. The first participant in the NIAID-led Phase 1 study of mRNA-1273 was dosed on March 16, 63 days from sequence selection to Phase 1 study dosing.
On May 12, the FDA granted mRNA-1273 Fast Track designation. On May 29, the first participants in each age cohort: adults ages 18-55 years (n=300) and older adults ages 55 years and above (n=300) were dosed in the Phase 2 study of mRNA-1273. On July 8, the Phase 2 study completed enrollment.
Results from the second interim analysis of mRNA-1273 in the 56-70 and 71+ age groups were published on September 29 in The New England Journal of Medicine. On July 28, results from a non-human primate preclinical viral challenge study evaluating mRNA-1273 were published in The New England Journal of Medicine. On July 14, an interim analysis of the original cohorts in the NIH-led Phase 1 study of mRNA-1273 was published in The New England Journal of Medicine.
Interim results were published in The New England Journal of Medicine of interim results from older adult age cohorts in Phase 1 Study. mRNA-1273 induced consistently high levels of pseudovirus neutralization antibody titers in all participants in the 56-70 (n=10) and 71+ (n=10) age cohorts. Potent neutralization responses were confirmed by 3 different live virus assays. mRNA-1273 elicited Th1-biased CD4 T cell responses in the 56-70 and 71+ age cohorts. Neutralizing antibody titers and T cell responses in the 56-70 and 71+ age cohorts were consistent with those reported in younger adults. At the 25 ug and 100 ug dose levels, mRNA-1273 was generally well-tolerated in all age cohorts.
The Phase 3 COVE study was designed in collaboration with the FDA and NIH to evaluate Americans at the highest risk of severe COVID-19 disease. As of today, the COVE study includes more than 7,000 Americans over the age of 65. It also includes more than 5,000 Americans who are under the age of 65 but have high-risk chronic diseases that put them at increased risk of severe COVID-19, such as diabetes, severe obesity and cardiac disease. These medically high-risk groups represent 42% of the total participants in the Phase 3 COVE study.
Moderna on October 22 announced that it has completed enrollment of 30,000 participants for the Phase 3 COVE study of mRNA-1273. And that more than 25,650 participants have received their second vaccination. Moderna will determine whether to submit a dossier to FDA requesting Emergency Use Authorization based on an assessment of whether the potential benefit of the vaccine outweighs the potential risks once the 2 months of median safety follow-up have accrued. As on November 11, Moderna has seen a significant increase in the rate of case identification across sites in the last week. As a result, the Company expects the first interim analysis will include substantially more than 53 cases, the targeted trigger point for the analysis. The data on these cases is being prepared for submission to the independent Data Safety Monitoring Board (DSMB) for analysis and recommendation. Moderna remains blinded to whether these participants received vaccine or placebo.
Moderna on 16 November 2020 announced that the independent DSMB for the Phase 3 study has informed that the trial has met the statistical criteria pre-specified in the study protocol for efficacy, with a vaccine efficacy of 94.5%. The primary endpoint of the Phase 3 COVE study is based on the analysis of COVID-19 cases confirmed and adjudicated starting two weeks following the second dose of vaccine. This first interim analysis was based on 95 cases, of which 90 cases of COVID-19 were observed in the placebo group versus 5 cases observed in the mRNA-1273 group, resulting in a point estimate of vaccine efficacy of 94.5% (p <0.0001). The 95 COVID-19 cases included 15 older adults (ages 65+) and 20 participants identifying as being from diverse communities (including 12 Hispanic or LatinX, 4 Black or African Americans, 3 Asian Americans and 1 multiracial). Moderna also announced that the vaccine candidate is now expected to remain stable at standard refrigerator temperatures of 2° to 8°C (36° to 46°F) for 30 days, up from previous estimate of 7 days. Statement also mentioned shipping and long-term storage conditions at standard freezer temperatures of -20°C (-4°F) for 6 months.
Primary efficacy analysis of the Phase 3 COVE study of mRNA-1273 involving 30,000 participants included 196 cases of COVID-19, of which 30 cases were severe. Vaccine efficacy against COVID-19 was 94.1%; vaccine efficacy against severe COVID-19 was 100%. mRNA-1273 continues to be generally well tolerated; no serious safety concerns identified to date. Phase 3 COVE Study has exceeded 2 months of median follow-up post vaccination as required by the U.S. FDA for Emergency Use Authorization (EUA).
Status:
On December 18, 2020 the US FDA authorized the emergency use of mRNA-1273, Moderna’s vaccine against COVID-19 in individuals 18 years of age or older. The Moderna COVID-19 Vaccine is now authorized for distribution and use under an Emergency Use Authorization (EUA). On January 6th, 2021 the European Commission granted a conditional marketing authorization (CMA), allowing vaccination programs using the Moderna vaccine to be rolled out across the European Union. Followign this, on January 8, 2021 UK’s Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) has approved the mRNA vaccine against COVID-19 for use under Regulation 174. The temporary authorization permits the supply of COVID-19 Vaccine Moderna in Great Britain and is based upon the advice of the UK Commission on Human Medicines. The UK is the fifth jurisdiction to authorize COVID-19 Vaccine Moderna, following US, Canada, Israel, and the European Union.
References:
- Publication: An mRNA Vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 – Preliminary Report. NEJM (07/14/20).
- Preprint: mRNA-1273 induces both potent neutralizing antibody and CD8 T cell responses and protects against SARS-CoV-2 infection in lungs and noses of mice without evidence of immunopathology. bioRxiv (06/11/20).
- Press Release: Moderna Announces Expansion of BARDA Agreement to Support Larger Phase 3 Program for Vaccine (mRNA-1273) Against COVID-19. Moderna (07/26/20).
- Publication: Evaluation of the mRNA-1273 Vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 in Nonhuman Primates. NEJM (07/28/20).
- Press Release: Moderna says its coronavirus vaccine shows promising results in small trial of elderly patients. Moderna (08/27/20).
- Website: Additional COVE Study Information. Moderna (Accessed 09/25/20).
- Publication: Safety and Immunogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA-1273 Vaccine in Older Adults. NEJM (09/29/20).
- Press Release: Moderna Completes Enrollment of Phase 3 COVE Study of mRNA Vaccine Against COVID-19 (mRNA-1273). Moderna (10/22/20).
- Press Release: Moderna Has Completed Case Accrual for First Planned Interim Analysis of its mRNA Vaccine Against COVID-19 (mRNA-1273). Moderna (11/11/20).Press Release: Moderna’s COVID-19 Vaccine Candidate Meets its Primary Efficacy Endpoint in the First Interim Analysis of the Phase 3 COVE Study. Moderna (11/16/20).
- Press Release: Moderna Announces Longer Shelf Life for its COVID-19 Vaccine Candidate at Refrigerated Temperatures. Moderna (11/16/20).
- Press Release: European Medicines Agency Begins Rolling Review of Moderna’s mRNA Vaccine Candidate Against COVID-19 (mRNA-1273). Moderna (11/17/20).
- Press Release: Moderna Announces Primary Efficacy Analysis in Phase 3 COVE Study for Its COVID-19 Vaccine Candidate and Filing Today with U.S. FDA for Emergency Use Authorization. Moderna (11/30/20).
- Press Release: Moderna Announces FDA Authorization of Moderna COVID-19 Vaccine in U.S. Moderna (12/18/2020).
- Publication: Efficacy and Safety of the mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine. NEJM (12/30/2021).
- Press Release: European Commission Authorizes COVID-19 Vaccine Moderna in Europe. Moderna (01/06/2021).
- Press Release: United Kingdom Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency Authorizes Use of COVID-19 Vaccine Moderna. Moderna (01/08/2021).
Candidate: Protein subunit; NVX-CoV2373; Full-length recombinant SARS COV-2 glycoprotein nanoparticle vaccine adjuvanted with Matrix M
Sponsors/Developers: Novavax, Inc.
Location: Australia; South Africa; U. K.
Trial identifier: NCT04368988 (Phase 2); NCT04533399 (Phase 2)
Description: NVX-CoV2373 is a stable, prefusion protein made using Novavax’ proprietary nanoparticle technology.
NVX-CoV2373 was created using Novavax’ recombinant nanoparticle technology to generate antigen derived from the coronavirus spike (S) protein and contains Novavax’ patented saponin-based Matrix-M™ adjuvant to enhance the immune response and stimulate high levels of neutralizing antibodies. NVX-CoV2373 contains purified protein antigen and cannot replicate, nor can it cause COVID-19. In preclinical trials, NVX-CoV2373 demonstrated induction of antibodies that block binding of spike protein to receptors targeted by the virus, a critical aspect for effective vaccine protection. In the Phase 1 portion of its Phase 1/2 clinical trial, NVX-CoV2373 was generally well-tolerated and elicited robust antibody responses numerically superior to that seen in human convalescent sera. NVX-CoV2373 is also being evaluated in a Phase 3 trial in the UK and two ongoing Phase 2 studies that began in August; a Phase 2b trial in South Africa, and a Phase 1/2 continuation in the U.S. and Australia. Novavax has secured $2 billion in funding for its global coronavirus vaccine program, including up to $399 million in funding from the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI) and almost $1.7 billion from the U.S. government.
Novavax has enrolled over 5,500 participants to date in the United Kingdom (U.K.) trial, which it has expanded to 15,000 volunteers. The increased enrollment is likely to facilitate assessment of safety and efficacy in a shorter time period.
Novavax on November 09, 2020 announced that the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has granted Fast Track Designation for NVX-CoV2373. Novavax expects to begin its pivotal Phase 3 clinical trial in the United States and Mexico by the end of November.
Novavax, on January 28, 2021 announced that NVX-CoV2373, its protein-based COVID-19 vaccine candidate, met the primary endpoint, with a vaccine efficacy of 89.3%, in its Phase 3 clinical trial conducted in the United Kingdom (UK). The study assessed efficacy during a period with high transmission and with a new UK variant strain of the virus emerging and circulating widely. It was conducted in partnership with the UK Government’s Vaccines Taskforce. Novavax also announced successful results of its Phase 2b study conducted in South Africa.
Preliminary Efficacy of the NVX-CoV2373 Covid-19 Vaccine Against the B.1.351 Variant was published in preprint on March 3, 2021. A total of 4387 participants were randomized and dosed at least once. The NVX-CoV2373 vaccine was found efficacious in preventing Covid-19, which was predominantly mild to moderate and due to the B.1.351 variant, while evidence of prior infection with the presumptive original SARS-CoV-2 did not confer protection against probable B.1.351 disease. Evaluation of a SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine NVX-CoV2373 in Younger and Older Adults was also published in preprint on March 1, 2021. The study confirmed that the two-dose regimen of 5-µg NVX-CoV2373 is highly immunogenic and well tolerated in both younger and older participants.
Status: On March 11, 2021, Novavax announced final efficacy of 96.4% against mild, moderate and severe disease caused by the original COVID-19 strain in a pivotal Phase 3 trial in the United Kingdom (U.K.) of NVX‑CoV2373, the company’s vaccine candidate. The company also announced the complete analysis of its Phase 2b trial taking place in South Africa, with efficacy of 55.4% among the HIV- negative trial participants in a region where the vast majority of strains are B1.351 escape variants. Across both trials, NVX-CoV2373 demonstrated 100% protection against severe disease, including all hospitalization and death. Both studies achieved their statistical success criteria. Efficacy was 96.4% against the original virus strain and 86.3% against the B.1.1.7/501Y.V1 variant circulating in the U.K (post hoc). The primary efficacy endpoint demonstrated an overall vaccine efficacy of 89.7%.
References:
- Press Release: Novavax Announces $1.6 Billion Funding from Operation Warp Speed. Novavax (07/07/20).
- Press Release: Novavax and FUJIFILM Diosynth Biotechnologies Initiate Large Scale Manufacturing of COVID-19 Vaccine Candidate. Novavax (07/23/20).
- Press Release: Novavax Announces Positive Phase 1 Data for its COVID-19 Vaccine Candidate. Novavax (08/05/20).
- Press Release: Novavax and Takeda Announce Collaboration for Novavax’ COVID19 Vaccine in Japan. Novavax (08/06/20).
- Press Release: Novavax Initiates Efficacy Trial of COVID-19 Vaccine in South Africa. Novavax (08/17/20).
- Press Release: Novavax Initiates Phase 2 Portion of Phase 1/2 Clinical Trial of COVID-19 Vaccine. Novavax (08/24/20).
- Publication: Phase 1-2 Trial of a SARS-CoV-2 Recombinant Spike Protein Nanoparticle Vaccine. NEJM (09/02/20).
- Press Release: Novavax Announces COVID-19 Vaccine Manufacturing Agreement with Serum Institute of India, Increasing Novavax’ Global Production Capacity to Over 2 Billion Doses Annually. Novavax (09/15/20).
- Press Release: Novavax Initiates Phase 3 Efficacy Trial of COVID-19 Vaccine in the United Kingdom. Novavax (09/24/20).
- Publication: SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein vaccine candidate NVX-CoV2373 elicits immunogenicity in baboons and protection in mice. bioRxiv Preprint (06/30/20).
- Publication: Structural analysis of full-length SARS-CoV-2 spike protein from an advanced vaccine candidate. Science (10/20/20).
- Publication: NVX-CoV2373 vaccine protects cynomolgus macaque upper and lower airways against SARS-CoV-2 challenge. Vaccine (10/23/20).
- Press Release: Novavax Provides Phase 3 COVID-19 Vaccine Clinical Development Update. Novavax (10/27/20).
- Press Release: Novavax COVID-19 Vaccine Granted Fast Track Designation by U.S. FDA. Novavax (11/09/20).
- Press release: Novavax COVID-19 Vaccine Demonstrates 89.3% Efficacy in UK Phase 3 Trial. Novavax (01/28/21).
- Publication: Evaluation of a SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine NVX-CoV2373 in Younger and Older Adults. medRxiv (03/01/21).
- Publication: Preliminary Efficacy of the NVX-CoV2373 Covid-19 Vaccine Against the B.1.351 Variant. medRxiv (03/03/21).
- Press release: Novavax Confirms High Levels of Efficacy Against Original and Variant COVID-19 Strains in United Kingdom and South Africa Trials. Novavax (03/11/21).
Candidate: Whole-Virion Inactivated SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine (BBV152, Covaxin)
Sponsors/Developers: Bharat Biotech International Limited, ICMR (Indian Council of Medical Research).
Location: India.
Trial identifier: NCT04471519 (Phase1/2), CTRI/2020/07/026300 (Phase 1/2), CTRI/2020/11/028976 (Phase 3)
Description: COVAXIN, India‘s COVID-19 vaccine by Bharat Biotech is developed in collaboration with the ICMR – National Institute of Virology (NIV). The indigenous, inactivated vaccine is developed and manufactured in Bharat Biotech‘s BSL-3 (Bio-Safety Level 3) high containment facility. The vaccine received DCGI approval for Phase I and II Human Clinical Trials and the trials will commence across India from July 2020.
As on August 17, Covaxin has demonstrated an encouraging safety profile in a Phase I clinical trial conducted in the country. Preliminary Phase I trial results showed that the vaccine is safe. Trial investigators are said to be collecting blood samples to analysze the vaccine’s immunogenicity. The Phase I study involves 375 volunteers at 12 sites across the country.
COVAXIN has been evaluated in ~ 1000 subjects in Phase I and Phase II clinical trials, with promising safety and immunogencity data.
The published preprint on the development and evaluation of safety and immunogenicity of this whole virion inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, adjuvanted with aluminium hydroxide gel (Algel), or a novel TLR7/8 agonist adsorbed Algel. BBV152 vaccine formulations generated significantly high antigen-binding and neutralizing antibody titers, at both concentrations (3 ug and 6 ug), in all three species (mice, rats, and rabbits) with excellent safety profiles. The inactivated vaccine formulation containing TLR7/8 agonist adjuvant-induced Th1 biased antibody responses with elevated IgG2a/IgG1 ratio and increased levels of SARS-CoV-2 specific IFN-g+ CD4 T lymphocyte response.
Bharat Biotech in September said it entered into a licensing agreement with Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis for a novel ‘chimp-adenovirus’ (Chimpanzee adenovirus), single dose intranasal vaccine for Covid-19. Bharat Biotech also announced it will use adjuvant Alhydroxiquim-II to boost immune response and longer lasting immunity. The technology is being used under licensing agreement with Kansas-based ViroVax LLC.
Bharat Biotech in September said it entered into a licensing agreement with Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis for a novel ‘chimp-adenovirus’ (Chimpanzee adenovirus), single dose intranasal vaccine for Covid-19. Bharat Biotech also announced it will use adjuvant Alhydroxiquim-II to boost immune response and longer lasting immunity. The technology is being used under licensing agreement with Kansas-based ViroVax LLC.
Status: Bharat Biotech has announced Phase 3 results of COVAXIN Vaccine on 3rd March, 2021. 25,800 participants received the vaccine or placebo in a 1:1 ratio showed that the vaccine candidate was well tolerated. COVAXIN demonstrated 81% interim efficacy in preventing COVID-19 in those without prior infection after the second dose. Clinical trial to continue through to final analysis at 130 confirmed cases in order to gather further data and to evaluate the efficacy of COVAXIN in additional secondary study endpoints. The participants were in the age group of 18-98 years, including 2,433 over the age of 60 and 4,500 with comorbidities. The primary endpoint of Phase 3 clinical trial is based on the first occurrence of PCR-confirmed symptomatic (mild, moderate, or severe) COVID-19 with onset at least 14 days after the second study vaccination in serologically negative (to SARS-CoV-2) adult participants at baseline. Analysis from the National Institute of Virology indicates that vaccine-induced antibodies can neutralize the UK variant strains and other heterologous strains.
References:
- Preprint: Evaluation of Safety and Immunogenicity of an Adjuvanted, TH-1 Skewed, Whole Virion Inactivated SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine – BBV152. bioRxiv (09/09/20).
- Preprint: Immunogenicity and protective efficacy of BBV152: a whole virion inactivated SARS CoV-2 vaccine in the Syrian hamster model. Research Square (09/16/20).
- Press release: Bharat Biotech, Thomas Jefferson University pursue a promising vaccine candidate against COVID-19. Bharat Biotech (05/20/20).
- Press Release: COVAXIN to boost the immune response and longer-lasting immunity with ViroVax’s adjuvant. Bharat Biotech (10/05/20).
- News: Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis Licenses Inhalable COVID-19 Vaccine to India’s Bharat Biotech. TrialSiteNews (09/28/20).
- Press Release: Bharat Biotech starts Phase III trials for COVAXIN. Bharat Biotech (11/16/20).
- Press Release: Bharat Biotech Announces Phase 3 Results of COVAXIN®: India’s First COVID-19 Vaccine Demonstrates Interim Clinical Efficacy of 81%. Bharat Biotech (03/03/21).
Candidate: Inactivated virus (CoronaVac/PiccoVac)
Sponsors/Developers: Sinovac Biotech Ltd.; Funding by Advantech Capital and Vivo Capital
Location: Brazil, Turkey, Indonesia, China
Trial identifier: NCT04456595 (Phase 3), NCT04352608 (Phase 2), NCT04508075 (Phase 3), NCT04551547 (Phase 1/2), NCT04383574 (Phase 1/2), NCT04582344 (Phase 3)
Description: CoronaVac (Sinovac Life Sciences, Beijing, China) is an inactivated vaccine candidate against COVID-19 that has shown good immunogenicity in mice, rats, and non-human primates with vaccine-induced neutralising antibodies to SARS-CoV-2, which could neutralize ten representative strains of SARS-CoV-2. Moreover, the results indicated CoronaVac provided partial or complete protection in macaques from severe interstitial pneumonia after a SARS-CoV-2 challenge, without observable antibody-dependent enhancement of infection, which support progression to clinical trials in humans.
The candidate was granted an emergency use authorisation by Chinese authorities in July 2020, before the initiation of phase 3 studies. This authorisation reportedly resulted in nearly 90% of company employees being immunised with the vaccine.
Phase 1/2 clinical trials, which enrolled healthy volunteers aged 18–59 years, have been completed (eg, NCT04352608). The phase 1 trial included 143 participants. In the phase 2 trial, 600 participants were randomly assigned to receive, in two intramuscular injections, either 3 μg per 0·5 mL or 6 μg per 0·5 mL of the trial vaccine, or placebo, either on day 0 and day 14, or on day 0 and day 28. No serious adverse events were reported. The vaccine elicited anti-RBD antibodies, as measured by ELISA, and neutralising antibodies 14 days after the second dose of vaccine in 92·4% of individuals receiving the vaccine at 0 and 14 days, and in 97·4% of those receiving the vaccine at 0 and 28 days. Importantly, neutralising antibody responses were significantly higher in younger adults (aged 18–39 years) than in older adults (aged 40–59 years), and stronger responses were noted in participants given the second dose on day 28 than in those given the second dose on day 14. A phase 3 trial was launched in Brazil and Indonesia, with the trial in Brazil aiming to enrol 9000 health-care personnel.
Sinovac announced on 23 September that CoronaVac was approved by the National Medical Products Administration (NMPA) for clinical trial in adolescents and children. This randomized, double-blinded, and placebo-controlled phase I/II clinical trial among adolescents and children between the ages of 3-17 years old was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Hebei Provincial CDC on September 11, 2020, with the trial expected to commence soon. In this clinical trial, low dosage (300SU/dose) and medium dosage (600SU/dose) with two-dose immunization scheduled at 28-day intervals will be adapted.
As per news reports, research with 50,027 volunteers in China showed that the Coronavac vaccine did not show significant adverse reactions. Among people over 60 (422 volunteers), the results showed 97% effectiveness. Instituto Butantan is conducting clinical trials of the vaccine in phase 3 in Brazil on almost 6,000 volunteers. In Brazil, the vaccine was applied to almost 5,600 volunteers with no record of serious adverse reaction.
Status: CoronaVac triggered a quick immune response but the level of antibodies produced was lower than in convalescent individuals, as per preliminary trial results published on November 17, 202o. While the early to mid-stage trials were not designed to assess the efficacy of CoronaVac, the team suggest it could provide enough protection, based on their experience with other vaccines and data from preclinical studies with macaques. The Sinovac findings, published in a peer-reviewed paper in medical journal The Lancet Infectious Diseases, came from results in Phase I and Phase II clinical trials in China involving more than 700 participants.
References:
- News: In Coronavirus Vaccine Race, China Strays From the Official Paths. The New York Times (07/16/20)
- Press Release: Sinovac COVID-19 Vaccine Collaboration with Butantan Receives Approval from Brazilian Regulator for Phase III Trial. Businesswire (06 July 2020).
- Press Release: Sinovac Announces Positive Preliminary Results of Phase I/II Clinical Trials for Inactivated Vaccine Candidate Against COVID-19. Sinovac (06/13/20).
- Press Release: Sinovac and Butantan Join Efforts to Advance the Clinical Development of An Inactivated Vaccine for COVID-19 to Phase III (06/11/20).
- Publication: Development of an inactivated vaccine candidate for SARS-CoV-2. Science (07/03/20).
- Preprint: Immunogenicity and Safety of a SARS-CoV-2 Inactivated Vaccine in Healthy Adults Aged 18-59 years: Report of the Randomized, Double-blind, and Placebo-controlled Phase 2 Clinical Trial. medRxiv (08/11/20).
- News: Sinovac’s vaccine reportedly shows low adverse events following emergency use authorization. News (08/31/20).
- News: Brazil trials of Sinovac COVID-19 vaccine show promising results: Governor. CNBC (09/10/20).
- Press Release: Sinovac’s Coronavac, SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine (Vero Cell), Inactivated, Announces Approval for Phase I/II Clinical Trial in Adolescents and Children. Businesswire (09/23/20).
- News: Study of more than 50,000 volunteers in China shows Coronavac safety. Sao Paulo’s State Government (09/23/20).
- Press Release: Sinovac’s Coronavac, SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine (Vero Cell), Inactivated, Announces Approval for Phase I/II Clinical Trial in Adolescents and Children. Businesswire (09/23/20).
- Publication: Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Phase III Clinical Trial to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of treating Healthcare Professionals with the Adsorbed COVID-19 (Inactivated) Vaccine Manufactured by Sinovac – PROFISCOV: A structured summary of a study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. BMC Trials (10/15/20).
- Publication: Safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine in healthy adults aged 18–59 years: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 1/2 clinical trial. The Lancet Infectious Diseases (11/17/20).
Candidate: Inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine BBIBP-CorV
Sponsors/Developers: Sinopharm, Wuhan Institute of Biological Products, China National Biotec Group Company Limited, G42 Healthcare company, Abu Dhabi Health Services Company
Location: UAE, Bahrain, Peru, Morocco, Argentina
Trial identifier: ChiCTR2000034780 (Phase 3); ChiCTR2000032459 (phase 1/2); NCT04510207 (Phase 3); NCT04560881 (Phase 3); ChiCTR2000039000 (Phase 3); NCT04612972 (Phase 3)
Description: Three SARS-CoV-2 strains from the BAL samples or throat swabs of 3 hospitalized patients from the recent COVID-19 outbreak were isolated to develop preclinical in vitro neutralization and challenge models for an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidate (from Vero cells). The 19nCoV-CDC-Tan-HB02 (HB02) strain showed the most optimal replication and generated highest virus yields in Vero cells among three viral strains and was used for the further development of the inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine (BBIBP-CorV). BBIBP-CorV induced high levels of neutralizing antibodies titers in animal models. Two-dose immunization with 2 ug/dose BBIBP-CorV efficiently protects rhesus macaques. It is efficiently produced, genetically stable, and seems to be safe in animals
The first WHO enlisted global clinical Phase III trial of Sinopharm CNBG’s inactivated vaccine to combat COVID-19 started in July in Abu Dhabi. UAE Health Authorities issued a permit for up to 15,000 volunteers to participate and G42 Healthcare and SEHA are working towards achieving a minimum of 5,000 participants for the trials. Sinopharm launched the Phase 3 trials in the UAE in July, and in Peru and Morocco the following month. Sinopharm’s chairman said in August that the vaccine could potentially be ready for public use by the end of 2020.
As on August 12, 2020, the Phase III trials of the inactivated vaccine in the UAE have reached the target of 15,000 volunteers in less than a month, with individuals from 102 nationalities participating in the program. Sinopharm Group Biological Products, noted, “The speed of these trials to date and the incredible diversity of volunteers who have been vaccinated has fully reinforced our decision that the UAE was a perfect location to test our inactivated vaccine and reach the widest demographic range of volunteers.”.
The report on the preliminary assessment of the safety outcomes 28 days and immunogenicity outcomes 14 days after 3 doses in a phase 1 trial and 2 doses in a phase 2 trial of an inactivated COVID-19 vaccine candidate in healthy adults in China was published on August 13, 2020. Patients had a low rate of adverse reactions (only 15% of people in total; fever = 3%) and demonstrated immunogenicity; the study is ongoing. Efficacy and longer-term adverse event assessment will require phase 3 trials. A phase 3 trial has been initiated (ChiCTR2000034780), which will provide information on immune persistence and efficacy.
The UAE’s phase 3 trial was fully recruited by August 30 with 31,000 people having participated altogether since July 16, with 120 nationalities. The UAE had granted an Emergency Use Authorization six weeks after late-stage studies began. The health authorities said the experimental vaccine would be administered to frontline healthcare workers who are dealing with cases of COVID-19 and are at higher risk of exposure.
Nearly one million people have taken an experimental coronavirus vaccine developed by China National Pharmaceutical Group (Sinopharm) through the country’s emergency use programme, the firm said. No serious adverse reaction has been reported from those who received the vaccine in emergency use, Sinopharm said in an article on social media WeChat, citing Chairman Liu Jingzhen from a recent media interview. The experimental vaccines are undergoing Phase 3 clinical trials overseas that have recruited nearly 60,000 people, and blood samples of more than 40,000 participants have been taken 14 days after they took the second dose, the article said.
Status: On January 6, 2021, Sinopharm, said that a vaccine candidate had an efficacy rate of 79 percent based on an interim analysis of Phase 3 trials and it had filed an application with Chinese regulators to allow the vaccine to be used broadly, and on January 7, 2021 the government said the vaccine had been granted conditional approval.
Sinopharm’s COVID-19 vaccine BBIBP-CorV remained active against South Africa variant 501Y.V2 with 10 amino acids in spike protein as published in a preprint on February 2, 2021. Global concerns have been raised for its potential to affect vaccine efficacy. The neutralization activities of the vaccine was evaluated against 501Y.V2. Encouragingly, vaccine largely preserved neutralizing titres, with slightly reduction, against 501Y.V2 authentic virus compare to their titres against both original SARS-CoV-2 and the currently circulating D614G virus. These data indicated that 501Y.V2 variant will not escape the immunity induced by the vaccine.
References:
- Publication: Development of an Inactivated Vaccine Candidate, BBIBP-CorV, with Potent Protection against SARS-CoV-2. Cell (08/06/20).
- Publication: Effect of an Inactivated Vaccine Against SARS-CoV-2 on Safety and Immunogenicity Outcomes: Interim Analysis of 2 Randomized Clinical Trials. JAMA (08/13/20).
- Publication: Safety and immunogenicity of an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, BBIBP-CorV: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 1/2 trial. The Lancet Infectious Diseases (10/15/20).
- News: World’s First Phase III Clinical Trial of COVID-19 Inactivated Vaccine Begins in UAE. Businesswire (07/17/20).
- News: UAE’s phase III Covid-19 inactivated vaccine trial (Sinopharm) reaches milestone of 15,000 volunteers. Khaleejtimes (08/12/20).
- News: China Sinopharm’s COVID-19 vaccine starts phase-3 clinical trials in Argentina. CGTN (08/22/20).
- News: Bahrain starts Phase III trial of Sinopharm’s Covid-19 vaccine. Clinicaltrialsarena (08/24/20).
- News: 31,000 volunteers take part in UAE vaccine trials. The National (08/24/20).
- News: UAE announces emergency approval for use of COVID-19 vaccine. BioSpace (09/14/20).
- News: China Sinopharm’s coronavirus vaccine taken by about a million people in emergency use. Reuters (11/19/20).
- Press release: China Approves Covid-19 Vaccine as It Moves to Inoculate Millions. nytimes (01/06/21).
- Publication: Neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 VOC 501Y.V2 by human antisera elicited by both 2 inactivated BBIBP-CorV and recombinant dimeric RBD ZF2001 vaccines. Biorxiv. (02/02/21).
Candidate: Sputnik V (Gam-COVID-Vac)
Sponsors/Developers: Gamaleya National Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology
Location: Russia, a number of Middle Eastern (UAE and Saudi Arabia), and Latin American countries (Brazil and Mexico).
Trial identifier: NCT04437875 (Phase 1/2), NCT04436471 (Phase 1/2), NCT04530396 (Phase 3)
Description: Russian adenovirus vector-based vaccine was registered by the Russian Ministry of Health on August 11 and became the first registered COVID-19 vaccine on the market. The Gamaleya Center successfully developed and registered an adenoviral vector-based vaccine against Ebola. Another adenoviral vector-based vaccine against Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) is in advanced stages of clinical trials.
As per the developers, Phase 1 and 2 clinical trials of the vaccine have been completed on August 1, 2020. All the volunteers are feeling well, no unforeseen or unwanted side effects were observed. The vaccine induced strong antibody and cellular immune response. Not a single participant of the current clinical trials got infected with COVID-19 after being administered with the vaccine. The high efficacy of the vaccine was confirmed by high precision tests for antibodies in the blood serum of volunteers (including an analysis for antibodies that neutralize the coronavirus), as well as the ability of the immune cells of the volunteers to activate in response to the spike S protein of the coronavirus, which indicates the formation of both antibody and cellular immune vaccine response.
Phase 3 clinical trial involving more than 2,000 people in Russia, a number of Middle Eastern (UAE and Saudi Arabia), and Latin American countries (Brazil and Mexico) will start on August 12.
Russia has released no scientific data on its testing and experts are unable to verify the vaccine’s claimed safety or effectiveness.
On August 28, 2020, the trial was registered for Phase 3 – 40,000 participants, limited outcome measures, including adults with no upper age restriction, to be conducted in Russia.
NCT04436471 and NCT04437875: Two open, non-randomised phase 1/2 studies at two hospitals in Russia (76 participants to the two studies) – A heterologous COVID-19 vaccine consisting of two components, a recombinant adenovirus type 26 (rAd26) vector and a recombinant adenovirus type 5 (rAd5) vector, both carrying the gene for SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein (rAd26-S and rAd5-S). The heterologous rAd26 and rAd5 vector-based COVID-19 vaccine has a good safety profile and induced strong humoral and cellular immune responses in participants.
Status: On February 20, 2021, in a Lancet study, Sputnik V COVID-19 vaccine candidate appears safe and effective in interim results from a phase 3 trial. The interim report of the phase 3 data presented includes results for more than 20 000 participants, 75% of whom were assigned to receive the vaccine, and the follow-up for adverse events and infection. With a planned study power of 85%, those recruited were aged 18 years and older, were about 60% male, and were almost all white. Comorbidities, a known risk for COVID-19 severity, were present in about a quarter of those who entered the trial. 62 (1·3%) of 4902 individuals in the placebo group and 16 (0·1%) of 14 964 participants in the vaccine group had confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection from day 21 after first vaccine dose (the primary outcome). A time-resolved plot of the incidence rate in the two groups showed that the immunity required to prevent disease arose within 18 days of the first dose. Vaccine efficacy, based on the numbers of confirmed COVID-19 cases from 21 days after the first dose of vaccine, is reported as 91·6%, and the suggested lessening of disease severity after one dose is particularly encouraging for current dose-sparing strategies.
References:
- Sputnik Vaccine official website.
- Publication: Safety and immunogenicity of an rAd26 and rAd5 vector-based heterologous prime-boost COVID-19 vaccine in two formulations: two open, non-randomised phase 1/2 studies from Russia. Lancet (09/04/20).
- News: The first batch of the Sputnik V coronavirus vaccine released into civil circulation Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (09/08/20)
- Publication: Sputnik V COVID-19 vaccine candidate appears safe and effective. The Lancet. (02/20/21).
Candidate: Recombinant Protein Vaccine formulation 1 or 2 with adjuvant 1 or 2, or without adjuvant.
Sponsors/Developers: Sanofi Pasteur, GlaxoSmithKline.
Location: United States.
Trial Identifier: NCT04537208 (Phase 1/2)
Description: Pre-clinical studies showed promising safety and immunogenicity. The Phase 1/2 clinical trial is a randomised, double blind and placebo-controlled trial designed to evaluate the safety, reactogenicity (tolerability) and immunogenicity (immune response) of the COVID-19 vaccine candidate. A total of 440 healthy adults are being enrolled in the trial across 11 investigational sites in the United States. Pending positive Phase 1/2 data, companies aim to move into Phase 3 by end of 2020. The Companies anticipate first results in early December 2020, to support the initiation of a Phase 3 trial in December 2020. If these data are sufficient for licensure application, it is planned to request regulatory approval in the first half of 2021. Sanofi and GSK are scaling up manufacturing of the antigen and adjuvant with the target of producing up to one billion doses in 2021.
The partners plan to supply a significant portion of total worldwide available supply in 2021/2022 to COVAX, the vaccines pillar of the ACT-Accelerator (Access to COVID‐19 Tools), a global collaboration of leaders of governments, global health organisations, businesses and philanthropies to accelerate development, production, and equitable access to COVID-19 tests, treatments, and vaccines.
Status: On 22 February, 2021, Sanofi and GSK initiate new Phase 2 study of their adjuvanted recombinant protein-based COVID-19 vaccine candidate as stated by a press release of GSK. New Phase 2 study assesses potential for refined antigen formulation to achieve optimal immune response, including in older adults. Results of the Phase 2 trial will inform the Phase 3 protocol. In parallel, development work on new SARS-CoV-2 variants underway.
References:
- Press Relase: Sanofi and GSK initiate Phase 1/2 clinical trial of COVID-19 adjuvanted recombinant protein-based vaccine candidate (09/03/20).
- Press Release: Sanofi and GSK to join forces in unprecedented vaccine collaboration to fight COVID-19 (04/14/20).
- Press Relase: Sanofi and GSK initiate new Phase 2 study of their adjuvanted recombinant protein-based COVID-19 vaccine candidate. GSK (02/22/21).
Candidate: Non-replicating viral vector (Adenovirus type 5 vector) vaccine
Sponsors/Developers: CanSino Biologics | Beijing Institute of Biotechnology (Beijing); Jiangsu Province CDC, Hubei Provincial CDC, Zhongnan Hospital, Canadian Center for Vaccinology
Location: China, Canada, Pakistan
Trial identifier: LIMITED APPROVAL (Military use only). NCT04313127 (Phase 1), NCT04398147 (Phase 2, Canada), NCT04341389 (Phase 2, China), NCT04526990 (Phase 3, Pakistan)
Description: Recombinant adenovirus type 5 (Ad5) vector expressing the SARS-CoV-2 S protein: The vaccine is a replication defective Ad5 vectored vaccine expressing the spike glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2. An optimised full-length spike gene based on Wuhan-Hu-1 (GenBank accession number YP_009724390) was cloned with the tissue plasminogen activator signal peptide gene into an E1 and E3 deleted Ad5 vector and constructed the Ad5 vectored COVID-19 vaccine using the Admax system from Microbix Biosystem (Toronto, ON, Canada). The Ad5 vectored COVID-19 vaccine was manufactured as a liquid formulation containing 5×1010 viral particles per 0.5 mL in a vial.
On Monday, June 29, the company developing a vaccine called Ad5-nCoV, CanSino, announced it had been authorized for use in the military by the country’s Central Military Commission. On 20 July 2020, results were published for the randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial of the candidate non-replicating adenovirus type-5 (Ad5)-vectored COVID-19 vaccine was done in a single center in Wuhan, China (ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04341389). 508 participants were randomly assigned to receive the vaccine (1x10E11 viral particles n=253; 5x10E11 viral particles n=129) or placebo (n=126). Both doses of the vaccine induced significant neutralizing antibody responses to live SARS-CoV-2. Specific interferon gamma enzyme-linked immunospot assay responses post vaccination was observed in 227 (90%) and 113 (88%) of viral particles dose groups. Severe adverse reactions were observed in 24 (9%) participants and one (1%) participant respectively.
CanSino’s Phase 3 trial was registered on 26 August 2020, with 40000 target participants, centered out of Pakistan. On August 20, another phase 3 trial was announced by CanSino: 10,000 participants this time. This is in addition to the 5000 in Saudi Arabia, 625 in Russia and unknown number in Mexico: their goal was 40000.
The Phase III trial of the Ad5-nCoV vaccine candidate has been launched in Moscow, following health ministry authorization. CanSino will work with NPO Petrovax Pharm to conduct the trials in Russia. The Russian approval comes after CanSino and the National Research Council (NRC) of Canada terminated their collaboration on the development of the vaccine. CanSino plans to test its vaccine candidate in multiple countries globally.
Status: On February 1, 2021, CanSino announced, its COVID-19 vaccine has no serious adverse events and met efficacy criteria in interim analysis. The Chinese biopharmaceutical company will continue to advance its phase III clinical trial of the vaccine. The phase III clinical trial of Ad5-nCoV saw more than 40,000 volunteers administered with the vaccine in 78 clinical trial sites across 5 countries in 3 continents. Unlike inactivated vaccines, Cansino’s vaccine is effective with a single dose and can bring dual protection – humoral and cellular immunity – at the same time. Ad5-nCoV’s phase II and III trials all involved aged participants and saw no serious adverse reactions, demonstrating that it is safe for the elderly. The vaccine can be stored and transported at temperatures of between 2- and 8-degree C, and production does not require biosafety level three laboratories, which is the case with inactivated vaccines.
References:
- Publication: Safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of a recombinant adenovirus type-5 vectored COVID-19 vaccine: a dose-escalation, open-label, non-randomised, first-in-human trial The Lancet (06/13/20).
- Preprint: A single dose of an adenovirus-vectored vaccine provides complete protection of the upper and lower respiratory tracts against SARS-CoV-2 challenge (06/18/20).
- Publication: Immunogenicity and safety of a recombinant adenovirus type-5-vectored COVID-19 vaccine in healthy adults aged 18 years or older: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial. The Lancet. (07/20/20).
- News: CanSino has its 1st phase 3 trial Covid-19 vaccine partner (Saudi Arabia & 5,000 people) (08/10/20).
- Publication: A single dose of an adenovirus-vectored vaccine provides protection against SARS-CoV-2 challenge. Nature (08/14/20).
- News: Pakistan gives go-ahead to Phase 3 COVID-19 vaccine trial (08/20/20).
- News: Russia approves Phase III trial of CanSino’s Covid-19 vaccine (09/02/20).
- Press Relase: CanSino says its COVID-19 vaccine has no serious adverse events, meets efficacy criteria in interim analysis. Global Times (02/01/21).
Updated: 05 April, 2021.
Table: Summary of all vaccine candidates under evaluation – 83 clinical and 184 pre-clinical (as of March 26, 2021).
| S No | Developer | Platform | Type | No. of doses | Timing of doses | Route of Administration | Stage [Phase] | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Sinovac Research and Development Co., Ltd | Inactivated virus | CoronaVac; SARS-CoV-2 vaccine (inactivated) | 2 | Day 0 + 14 | IM | Clinical [Phase 4] | |
| 2 | Sinopharm + China National Biotec Group Co + Wuhan Institute of Biological Products | Inactivated virus | Inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine (Vero cell) | 2 | Day 0 + 21 | IM | Clinical [Phase 3] | |
| 3 | Sinopharm + China National Biotec Group Co + Beijing Institute of Biological Products | Inactivated virus | Inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine (Vero cell), vaccine name BBIBP-CorV | 2 | Day 0 + 21 | IM | Clinical [Phase 4] | |
| 4 | AstraZeneca + University of Oxford | Viral vector (Non-replicating) | ChAdOx1-S - (AZD1222) (Covishield) | 1-2 | Day 0 + 28 | IM | Clinical [Phase 4] | |
| 5 | CanSino Biological Inc. / Beijing Institute of Biotechnology | Viral vector (Non-replicating) | Recombinant novel coronavirus vaccine (Adenovirus type 5 vector) | 1 | Day 0 | IM | Clinical [Phase 3] | |
| 6 | Gamaleya Research Institute ; Health Ministry of the Russian Federation | Viral vector (Non-replicating) | Gam-COVID-Vac Adeno-based (rAd26-S+rAd5-S) | 2 | Day 0 + 21 | IM | Clinical [Phase 3] | |
| 7 | Janssen Pharmaceutical | Viral vector (Non-replicating) | Ad26.COV2.S | 1-2 | Day 0 or Day 0 +56 | IM | Clinical [Phase 3] | |
| 8 | Novavax | Protein subunit | SARS-CoV-2 rS / Matrix M1-Adjuvant (Full length recombinant SARS CoV-2 glycoprotein nanoparticle vaccine adjuvanted with Matrix M) | 2 | Day 0 + 21 | IM | Clinical [Phase 3] | |
| 9 | Moderna + National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) | RNA based vaccine | mRNA -1273 | 2 | Day 0 + 28 | IM | Clinical [Phase 4] | |
| 10 | Pfizer / BioNTech + Fosun Pharma | RNA based vaccine | BNT162 (3 LNP-mRNAs ), also known as "Comirnaty" | 2 | Day 0 + 21 | IM | Clinical [Phase 4] | |
| 11 | Anhui Zhifei Longcom Biopharmaceutical + Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences | Protein subunit | Recombinant SARS-CoV-2 vaccine (CHO Cell) | 2-3 | Day 0 + 28 or Day 0 + 28 + 56 | IM | Clinical [Phase 3] | |
| 12 | CureVac AG | RNA based vaccine | CVnCoV Vaccine | 2 | Day 0 + 28 | IM | Clinical [Phase 3] | |
| 13 | Institute of Medical Biology + Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences | Inactivated virus | SARS-CoV-2 vaccine (vero cells) | 2 | Day 0 + 28 | IM | Clinical [Phase 3] | |
| 14 | Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, Rep of Kazakhstan | Inactivated virus | QazCovid-in - COVID-19 inactivated vaccine | 2 | Day 0 + 21 | IM | Clinical [Phase 3] | |
| 15 | Inovio Pharmaceuticals + International Vaccine Institute + Advaccine (Suzhou) Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd | DNA based vaccine | INO-4800+electroporation | 2 | Day 0 + 28 | ID | Clinical [Phase 2 / 3] | |
| 16 | AnGes + Takara Bio + Osaka University | DNA based vaccine | AG0301-COVID19 | 2 | Day 0 + 14 | IM | Clinical [Phase 2 / 3] | |
| 17 | Zydus Cadila | DNA based vaccine | nCov vaccine | 3 | Day 0 + 28 + 56 | ID | Clinical [Phase 3] | |
| 18 | Genexine Consortium | DNA based vaccine | GX-19 | 2 | Day 0 + 28 | IM | Clinical [Phase 1 / 2] | |
| 19 | Bharat Biotech International Limited | Inactivated virus | Whole-Virion Inactivated SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine (BBV152) | 2 | Day 0 + 14 | IM | Clinical [Phase 3] | |
| 20 | Kentucky Bioprocessing Inc. | Protein subunit | KBP-COVID-19 (RBD-based) | 2 | Day 0 + 21 | IM | Clinical [Phase 1 / 2] | |
| 21 | Sanofi Pasteur + GSK | Protein subunit | VAT00002: SARS-CoV-2 S protein with adjuvant | 2 | Day 0 + 21 | IM | Clinical [Phase 3] | |
| 22 | Arcturus Therapeutics | RNA based vaccine | ARCT-021 | ND | ND | IM | Clinical [Phase 2] | |
| 23 | Serum Institute of India + Accelagen Pty + SpyBiotech | Virus like particle | RBD SARS-CoV-2 HBsAg VLP vaccine | 2 | Day 0 + 28 | IM | Clinical [Phase 1 / 2] | |
| 24 | Beijing Minhai Biotechnology Co | Inactivated virus | Inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine (Vero cell) | 1,2 or 3 | ND | IM | Clinical [Phase 2] | |
| 25 | ReiThera + Leukocare + Univercells | Viral vector (Non-replicating) | GRAd-COV2 (Replication defective Simian Adenovirus (GRAd) encoding S) | 1 | Day 0 | IM | Clinical [Phase 2 / 3] | |
| 26 | Vaxart | Viral vector (Non-replicating) | VXA-CoV2-1 Ad5 adjuvanted Oral Vaccine platform | 2 | Day 0 + 28 | Oral | Clinical [Phase 1] | |
| 27 | University of Munich (Ludwig-Maximilians) | Viral vector (Non-replicating) | MVA-SARS-2-S | 2 | Day 0 + 28 | IM | Clinical [Phase 1] | |
| 28 | Clover Biopharmaceuticals Inc. / GSK / Dynavax | Protein subunit | SCB-2019 + AS03 or CpG 1018 adjuvant plus Alum adjuvant (Native like Trimeric subunit Spike Protein vaccine) | 2 | Day 0 + 21 | IM | Clinical [Phase 2 / 3] | |
| 29 | Vaxine Pty Ltd. | Protein subunit | COVAX-19 Recombinant spike protein + adjuvant | 1 | Day 0 | IM | Clinical [Phase 1] | |
| 30 | Medigen Vaccine Biologics + Dynavax + National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) | Protein subunit | MVC-COV1901 (S-2P protein + CpG 1018) | 2 | Day 0 + 28 | IM | Clinical [Phase 2] | |
| 31 | Instituto Finlay de Vacunas | Protein subunit | FINLAY-FR1 anti-SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine (RBD + adjuvant) | 2 | Day 0 + 28 | IM | Clinical [Phase 1 / 2] | |
| 32 | Instituto Finlay de Vacunas | Protein subunit | FINLAY-FR-2 anti-SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine (RBD chemically conjugated to tetanus toxoid plus adjuvant) | 2 | Day 0 + 28 | IM | Clinical [Phase 3] | |
| 33 | Federal Budgetary Research Institution State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology "Vector" | Protein subunit | EpiVacCorona (EpiVacCorona vaccine based on peptide antigens for the prevention of COVID-19) | 2 | Day 0 + 21 | IM | Clinical [Phase 3] | |
| 34 | West China Hospital + Sichuan University | Protein subunit | RBD (baculovirus production expressed in Sf9 cells) Recombinant SARS-CoV-2 vaccine (Sf9 Cell) | 2 | Day 0 + 28 | IM | Clinical [Phase 2] | |
| 35 | University Hospital Tuebingen | Protein subunit | IMP CoVac-1 (SARS-CoV-2 HLA-DR peptides) | 1 | Day 0 | SC | Clinical [Phase 1] | |
| 36 | COVAXX + United Biomedical Inc | Protein subunit | UB-612 (Multitope peptide based S1-RBD-protein based vaccine) | 2 | Day 0 + 28 | IM | Clinical [Phase 2 / 3] | |
| 37 | University of Hong Kong, Xiamen University and Beijing Wantai Biological Pharmacy | Viral vector (Replicating) | DelNS1-2019-nCoV-RBD-OPT1 (Intranasal flu-based-RBD ) | 1 | Day 0 | IN | Clinical [Phase 2] | |
| 38 | Imperial College London | RNA based vaccine | LNP-nCoVsaRNA | 2 | ND | IM | Clinical [Phase 1] | |
| 39 | Academy of Military Science (AMS), Walvax Biotechnology and Suzhou Abogen Biosciences | RNA based vaccine | SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine (ARCoV) | 2 | Day 0 + 14 or Day 0 + 28 | IM | Clinical [Phase 2] | |
| 40 | Medicago Inc. | Virus like particle | Coronavirus-Like Particle COVID-19 (CoVLP) | 2 | Day 0 + 21 | IM | Clinical [Phase 2 / 3] | |
| 41 | Shenzhen Geno-Immune Medical Institute | Viral vector (Replicating) + APC | Covid-19 / aAPC vaccine. The Covid-19 / aAPC vaccine is prepared by applying lentivirus modification with immune modulatory genes and the viral minigenes to the artificial antigen presenting cells (aAPCs). | 3 | Day 0 + 14 + 28 | SC | Clinical [Phase 1] | |
| 42 | Shenzhen Geno-Immune Medical Institute | Viral vector (Non-replicating) + APC | LV-SMENP-DC vaccine. Dendritic cells are modified with lentivirus vectors expressing Covid-19 minigene SMENP and immune modulatory genes. CTLs are activated by LV-DC presenting Covid-19 specific antigens. | 1 | Day 0 | SC & IV | Clinical [Phase 1 / 2] | |
| 43 | Adimmune Corporation | Protein subunit | AdimrSC-2f (recombinant RBD + / - Aluminium) | ND | ND | ND | Clinical [Phase 1] | |
| 44 | Entos Pharmaceuticals Inc. | DNA based vaccine | Covigenix VAX-001 - DNA vaccines + proteo-lipid vehicle (PLV) formulation | 2 | Day 0 + 14 | IM | Clinical [Phase 1] | |
| 45 | Providence Health & Services | DNA based vaccine | CORVax - Spike (S) Protein Plasmid DNA Vaccine | 2 | Day 0 + 14 | ID | Clinical [Phase 1] | |
| 46 | Chulalongkorn University | RNA based vaccine | ChulaCov19 mRNA vaccine | 2 | Day 0 + 21 | IM | Clinical [Phase 1] | |
| 47 | Symvivo Corporation | DNA based vaccine | bacTRL-Spike oral DNA vaccine | 1 | Day 0 | Oral | Clinical [Phase 1] | |
| 48 | ImmunityBio, Inc | Viral vector (Non-replicating) | Human Adenovirus Type 5: hAd5 S+N vaccine (S-Fusion + N-ETSD). E2b- Deleted Adeno. | 1-2 | Day 0 + 21 | SC or Oral | Clinical [Phase 1] | |
| 49 | City of Hope Medical Center + National Cancer Institute | Viral vector (Non-replicating) | COH04S1 (MVA-SARS-2-S) - Modified vaccinia ankara (sMVA) platform + synthetic SARS-CoV-2 | 1-2 | Day 0 + 28 | IM | Clinical [Phase 1] | |
| 50 | Israel Institute for Biological Research | Viral vector (Replicating) | rVSV-SARS-CoV-2-S Vaccine | 1 | Day 0 | IM | Clinical [Phase 1 / 2] | |
| 51 | Aivita Biomedical, Inc. National Institute of Health Research and Development, Ministry of Health Republic of Indonesia | Viral vector (Replicating) + APC | Dendritic cell vaccine AV-COVID-19. A vaccine consisting of autologous dendritic cells loaded with antigens from SARS-CoV-2, with or without GM-CSF | 1 | Day 0 | IM | Clinical [Phase 1 / 2] | |
| 52 | Codagenix / Serum Institute of India | Live attenuated virus | COVI-VAC | 1-2 | Day 0 or Day 0 + 28 | IN | Clinical [Phase 1] | |
| 53 | Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB) | Protein subunit | CIGB-669 (RBD+AgnHB) | 3 | Day 0 + 14 + 28 or Day 0 +28 + 56 | IN | Clinical [Phase 1 / 2] | |
| 54 | Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB) | Protein subunit | CIGB-66 (RBD+aluminium hydroxide) | 3 | Day 0 + 14 + 28 or Day 0 +28 + 56 | IM | Clinical [Phase 3] | |
| 55 | Valneva, National Institute for Health Research, United Kingdom | Inactivated Virus | VLA2001 | 2 | Day 0 + 21 | IM | Clinical [Phase 1 / 2] | |
| 56 | Biological E. Limited | Protein subunit | BECOV2 | 2 | Day 0 + 28 | IM | Clinical [Phase 1 / 2] | |
| 57 | Cellid Co., Ltd. | Viral vector (Replicating) | AdCLD-CoV19 (adenovirus vector) | 1 | Day 0 | IM | Clinical [Phase 1 / 2] | |
| 58 | GeneOne Life Science, Inc. | DNA based vaccine | GLS-5310 | 2 | Day 0 + 56 or Day 0 + 84 | ID | Clinical [Phase 1 / 2] | |
| 59 | Nanogen Pharmaceutical Biotechnology | Protein subunit | Recombinant Sars-CoV-2 Spike protein, Aluminum adjuvanted | 2 | Day 0 + 21 | IM | Clinical [Phase 1 / 2] | |
| 60 | Shionogi | Protein subunit | Recombinant protein vaccine S-268019 (using Baculovirus expression vector system) | 2 | Day 0 + 21 | IM | Clinical [Phase 1 / 2] | |
| 61 | Altimmune, Inc. | Viral vector (Non-replicating) | AdCOVID, Adenovirus-based platform expresses the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the Sars-Cov-2 spike protein | 1-2 | Day 0 | IN | Clinical [Phase 1] | |
| 62 | University Medical Center Groningen + Akston Biosciences Inc. | Protein subunit | SARS-CoV-2-RBD-Fc fusion protein | SC or IM | Clinical [Phase 1 / 2] | |||
| 63 | Erciyes University | Inactivated Virus | ERUCOV-VAC, inactivated virus | 2 | Day 0 + 21 | IM | Clinical [Phase 1] | |
| 64 | University of Saskatchewan | Protein subunit | COVAC-1 and COVAC-2 sub-unit vaccine (spike protein) + SWE adjuvant | 2 | Day 0 + 28 | IM | Clinical [Phase 1 / 2] | |
| 65 | SK Bioscience Co., Ltd. and CEPI | Protein subunit | GBP510, a recombinant surface protein vaccine with adjuvant AS03 (aluminium hydroxide) | 2 | Day 0 + 28 | IM | Clinical [Phase 1 / 2] | |
| 66 | Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute | Protein subunit | Razi Cov Pars, recombinant spike protein | 3 | Day 0 + 21 +51 | IM and IN | Clinical [Phase 1] | |
| 67 | Shifa Pharmed Industrial Co | Inactivated Virus | COVID-19 inactivated vaccine | 2 | Day 0 + 14 | IM | Clinical [Phase 1] | |
| 68 | The University of Queensland | Protein subunit | MF59 adjuvanted SARS-CoV-2 Sclamp vaccine | 2 | Day 0 + 28 | IM | Clinical [Phase 1] | |
| 69 | University of Sydney, Bionet Co., Ltd Technovalia | DNA based vaccine | COVIGEN | 2 | Day 0 + 28 | ID or IM | Clinical [Phase 1] | |
| 70 | Takis + Rottapharm Biotech | DNA based vaccine | COVID-eVax, a candidate plasmid DNA vaccine of the Spike protein | - | - | IM or IM + Electroporation | Clinical [Phase 1 / 2] | |
| 71 | Bharat Biotech International Limited | Viral vector (Non-replicating) | BBV154, Adenoviral vector COVID-19 vaccine | 1 | Day 0 | IN | Clinical [Phase 1] | |
| 72 | Providence Therapeutics | RNA based vaccine | PTX-COVID19-B, mRNA vaccine | 2 | Day 0 + 28 | IM | Clinical [Phase 1] | |
| 73 | Mahidol University; The Government Pharmaceutical Organization (GPO); Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai | Viral vector (Replicating) | NDV-HXP-S, Newcastle disease virus (NDV) vector expressing the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2, with or without the adjuvant CpG 1018 | 2 | Day 0 + 28 | IM | Clinical [Phase 1 / 2] | |
| 74 | GlaxoSmithKline | RNA based vaccine | CoV2 SAM (LNP) vaccine. A self-amplifying mRNA (SAM) lipid nanoparticle (LNP) platform + Spike antigen | Day 0 + 28 | IM | Clinical [Phase 1] | ||
| 75 | VBI Vaccines Inc. | Virus like particle | VBI-2902a. An enveloped virus-like particle (eVLP) of SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) glycoprotein and aluminum phosphate adjuvant. | 2 | Day 0 + 28 | IM | Clinical [Phase 1 / 2] | |
| 76 | SK Bioscience Co., Ltd. | Protein subunit | SK SARS-CoV-2 recombinant surface antigen protein subunit (NBP2001) + adjuvanted with alum. | 2 | Day 0 + 28 | IM | Clinical [Phase 1] | |
| 77 | Gritstone Oncology | Viral vector (Non-replicating) | Chimpanzee Adenovirus serotype 68 (ChAd) and self-amplifying mRNA (SAM) vectors expressing spike alone, or spike plus additional SARS-CoV-2 T cell epitopes. | 2-3 | Day 0 + 14 + 28 or Day 0 +28 + 56 or Day 0 + 112 | IM | Clinical [Phase 1] | |
| 78 | Moderna + National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) | RNA based vaccine | mRNA-1273.351. A lipid nanoparticle (LNP)-encapsulated mRNA-based vaccine that encodes for a full-length, prefusion stabilized S protein of the SARS-CoV-2 B.1.351 variant. | 3 | Day 0 or Day 0 + 28 or Day 56 | IM | Clinical [Phase 1] | |
| 79 | Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR) | Protein subunit | SpFN (spike ferritin nanoparticle) uses spike proteins with a liposomal formulation QS21 (ALFQ) adjuvant. | 2-3 | Day 0 + 28 + 180 | IM | Clinical [Phase 1] | |
| 80 | POP Biotechnologies and EuBiologics Co.,Ltd | Protein subunit | EuCorVac-19; A spike protein using the recombinant protein technology and with an adjuvant. | 2 | Day 0 + 21 | IM | Clinical [Phase 1 / 2] | |
| 81 | Organization of Defensive Innovation and Research | Inactivated virus | Inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine FAKHRAVAC (MIVAC) | 2 | Day 0 + 14 + / - 21 | IM | Clinical [Phase 1] | |
| 82 | Meissa Vaccines, Inc. | Live attenuated virus | MV-014-212, a live attenuated vaccine that expresses the spike (S) protein of SARS-CoV-2 | 3 | Day 0 + / - 35 | IN | Clinical [Phase 1] | |
| 83 | Sanofi Pasteur and Translate Bio | RNA based vaccine | MRT5500, an mRNA vaccine candidate | 2 | Day 0 + 21 | IM | Clinical [Phase 1 / 2] | |
| 1 | DIOSynVax Ltd + University of Cambridge | DNA based vaccine | DNA, engineered vaccine inserts compatible with multiple delivery systems | - | - | - | Preclinical | |
| 2 | Ege University | DNA based vaccine | DNA vaccine | - | - | - | Preclinical | |
| 3 | Scancell / University of Nottingham / Nottingham Trent University | DNA based vaccine | DNA plasmid vaccine RBD&N | - | - | - | Preclinical | |
| 4 | Karolinska Institute / Cobra Biologics (OPENCORONA Project) | DNA based vaccine | DNA with electroporation | - | - | - | Preclinical | |
| 5 | Chula Vaccine Research Center | DNA based vaccine | DNA with electroporation | - | - | - | Preclinical | |
| 6 | Immunomic Therapeutics, Inc. / EpiVax, Inc. / PharmaJet | DNA based vaccine | Plasmid DNA, Needle-Free Delivery | - | - | - | Preclinical | |
| 7 | National Research Centre, Egypt | DNA based vaccine | DNA plasmid vaccine S,S1,S2,RBD &N | - | - | - | Preclinical | |
| 8 | BioNet Asia | DNA based vaccine | DNA vaccine | - | - | - | Preclinical | |
| 9 | Mediphage Bioceuticals / University of Waterloo | DNA based vaccine | msDNA vaccine | - | - | - | Preclinical | |
| 10 | Entos Pharmaceuticals | DNA based vaccine | DNA vaccine | - | - | - | Preclinical | |
| 11 | Biosun Pharmed | DNA based vaccine | DNA plasmids containing S-gene | - | - | - | Preclinical | |
| 12 | Globe Biotech Limited, Bangladesh | DNA based vaccine | DNA plasmid vaccine | - | - | - | Preclinical | |
| 13 | National institute of Chemistry, Slovenia | DNA based vaccine | Plasmid DNA, nanostructured RBD | - | - | - | Preclinical | |
| 14 | Vaccibody, Oslo Research Park, Norway | DNA based vaccine | DNA plasmid vaccine encoding RBD | - | - | - | Preclinical | |
| 15 | Inserm | DNA based vaccine | DNA Immunostimulatory sequences | - | - | - | Preclinical | |
| 16 | Institute of Vaccines and Medical Biologicals (IVAC; Vietnam) / Dynavax / PATH | Viral vector (Non-replicating) | Egg-based, inactivated, whole chimeric Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) expressing membrane-anchored pre-fusion-stabilized trimeric SARS-CoV-2 S protein (Hexapro) + CpG 1018 | - | - | - | Preclinical | |
| 17 | Government Pharmaceutical Organization (GPO; Thailand) / Dynavax / PATH | Inactivated virus | Egg-based, inactivated, whole chimeric Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) expressing membrane-anchored pre-fusion-stabilized trimeric SARS-CoV-2 S protein (Hexapro) + CpG 1018 | - | - | - | Preclinical | |
| 18 | Institute Butantan (Brazil) / Dynavax / PATH | Inactivated virus | Egg-based, inactivated, whole chimeric Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) expressing membrane-anchored pre-fusion-stabilized trimeric SARS-CoV-2 S protein (Hexapro) + CpG 1018 | - | - | - | Preclinical | |
| 19 | KM Biologics | Inactivated virus | Inactivated + alum | - | - | - | Preclinical | |
| 20 | Selcuk University | Inactivated virus | Inactivated | - | - | - | Preclinical | |
| 21 | Osaka University / BIKEN / NIBIOHN | Inactivated virus | - | - | - | - | Preclinical | |
| 22 | Sinovac / Dynavax | Inactivated virus | Inactivated + CpG 1018 | - | - | - | Preclinical | |
| 23 | Valneva / Dynavax | Inactivated virus | Inactivated + CpG 1018 | - | - | - | Preclinical | |
| 24 | National Research Centre, Egypt | Inactivated virus | Inactivated whole virus | - | - | - | Preclinical | |
| 25 | Kocak Farma Ilac ve Kimya San. A.S. | Inactivated virus | Inactivated | - | - | - | Preclinical | |
| 26 | Milad Pharmaceutics Co. | Inactivated virus | Inactivated | - | - | - | Preclinical | |
| 27 | Zista Kian Azma Co. | Inactivated virus | Inactivated | - | - | - | Preclinical | |
| 28 | Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University / Acıbadem Labmed Health Services A.S. | Live attenuated virus | Codon deoptimized live attenuated vaccines | - | - | - | Preclinical | |
| 29 | Indian Immunologicals Ltd / Griffith University | Live attenuated virus | Codon deoptimized live attenuated vaccines | - | - | - | Preclinical | |
| 30 | Institut Pasteur Lille, Inserm | Live attenuated bacterial vector | Live attenuated bacterial (Pertussis) Vector | - | - | - | Preclinical | |
| 31 | ALtraBio, TheRex | Live attenuated bacterial vector | Live attenuated bacterial vector | - | - | - | Preclinical | |
| 32 | ID Pharma | Viral vector (Non-replicating) | Sendai virus vector | - | - | - | Preclinical | |
| 33 | Ankara University | Viral vector (Non-replicating) | Adenovirus-based | - | - | - | Preclinical | |
| 34 | Massachusetts Eye and Ear / Massachusetts General Hospital / AveXis | Viral vector (Non-replicating) | Adeno-associated virus vector (AAVCOVID) | - | - | - | Preclinical | |
| 35 | GeoVax / BravoVax | Viral vector (Non-replicating) | MVA encoded VLP | - | - | - | Preclinical | |
| 36 | DZIF – German Center for Infection Research / IDT Biologika GmbH | Viral vector (Non-replicating) | MVA-S encoded | - | - | - | Preclinical | |
| 37 | IDIBAPS-Hospital Clinic, Spain | Viral vector (Non-replicating) | MVA-S | - | - | - | Preclinical | |
| 38 | Erciyes University | Viral vector (Non-replicating) | Adeno5-based | - | - | - | Preclinical | |
| 39 | Greffex | Viral vector (Non-replicating) | Ad5 S (GREVAX platform) | - | - | - | Preclinical | |
| 40 | Stabilitech Biopharma Ltd | Viral vector (Non-replicating) | Oral Ad5 S | - | - | - | Preclinical | |
| 41 | Valo Therapeutics Ltd | Viral vector (Non-replicating) | adenovirus-based + HLA-matched peptides | - | - | - | Preclinical | |
| 42 | Centro Nacional Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Spain | Viral vector (Non-replicating) | MVA expressing structural proteins | - | - | - | Preclinical | |
| 43 | University of Georgia / University of Iowa | Viral vector (Non-replicating) | Parainfluenza virus 5 (PIV5)-based vaccine expressing the spike protein | - | - | - | Preclinical | |
| 44 | Bharat Biotech / Thomas Jefferson University | Viral vector (Non-replicating) | Recombinant deactivated rabies virus containing S1 | - | - | - | Preclinical | |
| 45 | National Research Centre, Egypt | Viral vector (Non-replicating) | Influenza A H1N1 vector | - | - | - | Preclinical | |
| 46 | Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai | Viral vector (Non-replicating) | Newcastle disease virus expressing the spike protein | - | - | - | Preclinical | |
| 47 | Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai | Viral vector (Non-replicating) | Newcastle disease virus expressing membrane-anchored spike | - | - | - | Preclinical | |
| 48 | Theravectys – Institut Pasteur | Viral vector (Non-replicating) | Lentiviral Vector | - | - | - | Preclinical | |
| 49 | AIOVA | Viral vector (Non-replicating) | Lentiviral Vector | - | - | - | Preclinical | |
| 50 | Sorbonne University | Viral vector (Non-replicating) | Lentiviral Vector Retro-VLP Particles | - | - | - | Preclinical | |
| 51 | University of Helsinki & University of Eastern Finland | Viral vector (Non-replicating) | Ad 5 vector for intranasal administration | - | - | - | Preclinical | |
| 52 | Vaxart | Viral vector (Non-replicating) | Oral vaccine platform | - | - | - | Preclinical | |
| 53 | Ohio State University / Kazakh National Agrarian University | Protein subunit | RBD protein delivered in mannose-conjugated chitosan nanoparticle | - | - | - | Preclinical | |
| 54 | Kazakh National Agrarian University | Protein subunit | Recombinant spike protein with Essai O / W 1849101 adjuvant | - | - | - | Preclinical | |
| 55 | Neo7Logic | Protein subunit | Peptides | - | - | - | Preclinical | |
| 56 | Kazakh National Agrarian University, Kazakhstan / National Scientific Center for Especially Dangerous Infections | Protein subunit | Recombinant spike protein with Essai O / W 1849101 adjuvant | - | - | - | Preclinical | |
| 57 | Max-Planck-Institute of Colloids and Interfaces | Protein subunit | Recombinant S protein | - | - | - | Preclinical | |
| 58 | Farmacológicos Veterinarios SAC (FARVET SAC) / Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia (UPCH) | Protein subunit | RBD protein (baculovirus production) + FAR-Squalene adjuvant | - | - | - | Preclinical | |
| 59 | Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, Rep of Kazakhstan | Protein subunit | Protein Subunit | - | - | - | Preclinical | |
| 60 | Mynvax | Protein subunit | RBD-protein | - | - | - | Preclinical | |
| 61 | Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center | Protein subunit | Recombinant S protein | - | - | - | Preclinical | |
| 62 | Bogazici University | Protein subunit | Peptide + novel adjuvant | - | - | - | Preclinical | |
| 63 | University of Virginia | Protein subunit | S subunit intranasal liposomal formulation with GLA / 3M052 adjs. | - | - | - | Preclinical | |
| 64 | Helix Biogen Consult, Ogbomoso & Trinity Immonoefficient Laboratory, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria. | Protein subunit | S-Protein (Subunit) + Adjuvant, E coli based Expression | - | - | - | Preclinical | |
| 65 | National Research Centre, Egypt | Protein subunit | Protein Subunit S,N,M&S1 protein | - | - | - | Preclinical | |
| 66 | University of San Martin and CONICET, Argentina | Protein subunit | Protein Subunit | - | - | - | Preclinical | |
| 67 | Chulalongkorn University / GPO, Thailand | Protein subunit | RBD protein fused with Fc of IgG + Adj. | - | - | - | Preclinical | |
| 68 | AdaptVac (PREVENT-nCoV consortium) | Protein subunit | Capsid-like Particle | - | - | - | Preclinical | |
| 69 | ExpreS2ion | Protein subunit | Drosophila S2 insect cell expression system VLPs | - | - | - | Preclinical | |
| 70 | IMV Inc | Protein subunit | Peptide antigens formulated in LNP | - | - | - | Preclinical | |
| 71 | WRAIR / USAMRIID | Protein subunit | S protein | - | - | - | Preclinical | |
| 72 | National Institute of Infectious Disease, Japan / Shionogi / UMN Pharma | Protein subunit | S protein +Adjuvant | - | - | - | Preclinical | |
| 73 | Osaka University / BIKEN / National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Japan | Protein subunit | VLP-recombinant protein + Adjuvant | - | - | - | Preclinical | |
| 74 | Univ. of Pittsburgh | Protein subunit | microneedle arrays S1 subunit | - | - | - | Preclinical | |
| 75 | Vaxil Bio | Protein subunit | Peptide | - | - | - | Preclinical | |
| 76 | Biological E Ltd | Protein subunit | Adjuvanted protein subunit (RBD) | - | - | - | Preclinical | |
| 77 | Flow Pharma Inc | Protein subunit | Peptide | - | - | - | Preclinical | |
| 78 | AJ Vaccines | Protein subunit | S protein | - | - | - | Preclinical | |
| 79 | Generex / EpiVax | Protein subunit | Ii-Key peptide | - | - | - | Preclinical | |
| 80 | EpiVax / Univ. of Georgia | Protein subunit | S protein | - | - | - | Preclinical | |
| 81 | EpiVax | Protein subunit | Protein Subunit EPV-CoV-19 | - | - | - | Preclinical | |
| 82 | Heat Biologics / Univ. Of Miami | Protein subunit | gp-96 backbone | - | - | - | Preclinical | |
| 83 | FBRI SRC VB VECTOR, Rospotrebnadzor, Koltsovo | Protein subunit | Subunit vaccine | - | - | - | Preclinical | |
| 84 | Baylor College of Medicine | Protein subunit | S1 or RBD protein | - | - | - | Preclinical | |
| 85 | iBio / CC-Pharming | Protein subunit | Subunit protein, plant produced | - | - | - | Preclinical | |
| 86 | Saint-Petersburg scientific research institute of vaccines and serums | Protein subunit | Recombinant protein, nanoparticles (based on S-protein and other epitopes) | - | - | - | Preclinical | |
| 87 | FSUE SPbSRIVS FMBA of Russia (St. Petersburg Institute of Vaccines) | Protein subunit | Cross-reactive T-cell recombinant vaccine based on SARS-CoV-2 nucleoprotein (N) expressed in E.coli | - | - | - | Preclinical | |
| 88 | Innovax / Xiamen Univ. / GSK | Protein subunit | COVID-19 XWG-03 truncated S (spike) proteins | - | - | - | Preclinical | |
| 89 | VIDO-InterVac, University of Saskatchewan | Protein subunit | Adjuvanted microsphere peptide | - | - | - | Preclinical | |
| 90 | OncoGen | Protein subunit | Synthetic Long Peptide Vaccine candidate for S and M proteins | - | - | - | Preclinical | |
| 91 | MIGAL Galilee Research Institute | Protein subunit | Oral E. coli-based protein expression system of S and N proteins | - | - | - | Preclinical | |
| 92 | LakePharma, Inc. | Protein subunit | Nanoparticle vaccine | - | - | - | Preclinical | |
| 93 | Baiya Phytopharm / Chula Vaccine Research Center | Protein subunit | Plant-based subunit (RBD-Fc + Adjuvant) | - | - | - | Preclinical | |
| 94 | Quadram Institute Biosciences | Protein subunit | OMV-based vaccine | - | - | - | Preclinical | |
| 95 | BiOMViS Srl / Univ. of Trento | Protein subunit | OMV-based vaccine | - | - | - | Preclinical | |
| 96 | Lomonosov Moscow State University | Protein subunit | structurally modified spherical particles of the tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) | - | - | - | Preclinical | |
| 97 | University of Alberta | Protein subunit | Spike-based | - | - | - | Preclinical | |
| 98 | AnyGo Technology | Protein subunit | Recombinant S1-Fc fusion protein | - | - | - | Preclinical | |
| 99 | Yisheng Biopharma | Protein subunit | Recombinant protein | - | - | - | Preclinical | |
| 100 | Vabiotech, Vietnam and University of Bristol, UK | Protein subunit | Recombinant S protein in IC-BEVS (Viral vector vaccine (based on baculovirus expression system in insect cell line) | - | - | - | Preclinical | |
| 101 | Applied Biotechnology Institute, Inc. | Protein subunit | Orally delivered, heat stable subunit | - | - | - | Preclinical | |
| 102 | Axon Neuroscience SE | Protein subunit | Peptides derived from Spike protein | - | - | - | Preclinical | |
| 103 | MOGAM Institute for Biomedical Research, GC Pharma | Protein subunit | Protein Subunit | - | - | - | Preclinical | |
| 104 | Neovii / Tel Aviv University | Protein subunit | RBD-based | - | - | - | Preclinical | |
| 105 | Intravacc / Epivax | Protein subunit | Outer Membrane Vesicle (OMV)-subunit | - | - | - | Preclinical | |
| 106 | ImmunoPrecise / LiteVax BV | Protein subunit | Spike-based (epitope screening) | - | - | - | Preclinical | |
| 107 | Nanografi Nano Technology, Middle East Technical University, Ankara University, | Protein subunit | Spiked-based | - | - | - | Preclinical | |
| 108 | Iran | Protein subunit | Recombinant spike with adjuvant | - | - | - | Preclinical | |
| 109 | Tampere University | Protein subunit | Recombinant S protein produced in BEVS | - | - | - | Preclinical | |
| 110 | Vaxinano, CEA, INRAE | Protein subunit | Protein Subunit Nanoformulated | - | - | - | Preclinical | |
| 111 | CEA, CNRS | Protein subunit | Protein Subunit Adenoviral Carrier | - | - | - | Preclinical | |
| 112 | LinkinVax, VRI, Inserm | Protein subunit | Protein DC-targeted epitopes | - | - | - | Preclinical | |
| 113 | Center for Advanced Technologies, Uzbekistan | Protein subunit | Soluble recombinant S protein produced in CHO cells | - | - | - | Preclinical | |
| 114 | Arizona State University | Protein subunit | NYVAC-KC, attenuated vaccinia virus vector expressing SARS-CoV-2 Spike and other viral proteins | - | - | - | Preclinical | |
| 115 | Hacettepe University, Turkey | Protein subunit | Protein peptides with alum | - | - | - | Preclinical | |
| 116 | Marmara University, Turkey | Protein subunit | Recombinant Spike (S) proteins encoded by Baculoviruses in Insect cells | - | - | - | Preclinical | |
| 117 | Yıldız Technical University, Turkey | Protein subunit | Adjuvanted Peptides + Recombinant Spike Protein | - | - | - | Preclinical | |
| 118 | Akdeniz University, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Antalya, Turkey | Protein subunit | Development of recombinant protein based S1 and S2 (Spike) and nucleocapsid subunits vaccines using a plant expression vector. | - | - | - | Preclinical | |
| 119 | Ataturk University, Vaccine Research Center (Erzurum) and Health Institutes of Turkey (TUSEB) | Protein subunit | Recombinant Protein Vaccine | - | - | - | Preclinical | |
| 120 | Pharmada Pharmaceuticals / TURKEY | Protein subunit | Recombinant protein subunit vaccine | - | - | - | Preclinical | |
| 121 | Farmacológicos Veterinarios SAC (FARVET SAC) | Bacterial vector (Replicating) | Oral Salmonella enteritidis (3934Vac) based protein expression system of RBD | - | - | - | Preclinical | |
| 122 | KU Leuven | Viral vector (Replicating) | YF17D Vector | - | - | - | Preclinical | |
| 123 | Cadila Healthcare Limited | Viral vector (Replicating) | Measles Vector | - | - | - | Preclinical | |
| 124 | FBRI SRC VB VECTOR, Rospotrebnadzor, Koltsovo | Viral vector (Replicating) | Measles Vector | - | - | - | Preclinical | |
| 125 | DZIF – German Center for Infection Research / CanVirex AG | Viral vector (Replicating) | Measles Virus (S, N targets) | - | - | - | Preclinical | |
| 126 | Tonix Pharma / Southern Research | Viral vector (Replicating) | Horsepox vector expressing S protein | - | - | - | Preclinical | |
| 127 | BiOCAD and IEM | Viral vector (Replicating) | Live viral vectored vaccine based on attenuated influenza virus backbone (intranasal) | - | - | - | Preclinical | |
| 128 | FBRI SRC VB VECTOR, Rospotrebnadzor, Koltsovo | Viral vector (Replicating) | Recombinant vaccine based on Influenza A virus, for the prevention of COVID-19 (intranasal) | - | - | - | Preclinical | |
| 129 | Fundação Oswaldo Cruz and Instituto Buntantan | Viral vector (Replicating) | Attenuated Influenza expressing an antigenic portion of the Spike protein | - | - | - | Preclinical | |
| 130 | University of Hong Kong | Viral vector (Replicating) | Influenza vector expressing RBD | - | - | - | Preclinical | |
| 131 | IAVI / Merck | Viral vector (Replicating) | Replication-competent VSV chimeric virus technology (VSVΔG) delivering the SARS-CoV-2 Spike (S) glycoprotein. | - | - | - | Preclinical | |
| 132 | University of Manitoba | Viral vector (Replicating) | Replicating VSV vector-based DC-targeting | - | - | - | Preclinical | |
| 133 | University of Western Ontario | Viral vector (Replicating) | VSV-S | - | - | - | Preclinical | |
| 134 | Aurobindo | Viral vector (Replicating) | VSV-S | - | - | - | Preclinical | |
| 135 | FBRI SRC VB VECTOR, Rospotrebnadzor, Koltsovo | Viral vector (Replicating) | VSV vector | - | - | - | Preclinical | |
| 136 | UW–Madison / FluGen / Bharat Biotech | Viral vector (Replicating) | M2-deficient single replication (M2SR) influenza vector | - | - | - | Preclinical | |
| 137 | Intravacc / Wageningen Bioveterinary Research / Utrecht Univ. | Viral vector (Replicating) | Newcastle disease virus vector (NDV-SARS-CoV-2 / Spike) | - | - | - | Preclinical | |
| 138 | The Lancaster University, UK | Viral vector (Replicating) | Avian paramyxovirus vector (APMV) | - | - | - | Preclinical | |
| 139 | Farmacológicos Veterinarios SAC (FARVET SAC) | Viral vector (Replicating) | Intranasal Newcastle disease virus vector (rNDV-LS1-FARVET) expressing RBD protein: rNDV-LS1-HN-RBD / SARS-CoV-2 | - | - | - | Preclinical | |
| 140 | Farmacológicos Veterinarios SAC (FARVET SAC) | Viral vector (Replicating) | Intranasal Newcastle disease virus vector (rNDV-LS1-FARVET) expressing S1 protein: rNDV-LS1-S1-F / SARS-CoV-2 | - | - | - | Preclinical | |
| 141 | Infectious Disease Research Institute / Amyris, Inc. | RNA based vaccine | saRNA formulated in a NLC | - | - | - | Preclinical | |
| 142 | Max-Planck-Institute of Colloids and Interfaces | RNA based vaccine | LNP-encapsulated mRNA encoding S | - | - | - | Preclinical | |
| 143 | Gennova | RNA based vaccine | Self-amplifying RNA | - | - | - | Preclinical | |
| 144 | Selcuk University | RNA based vaccine | mRNA | - | - | - | Preclinical | |
| 145 | Translate Bio / Sanofi Pasteur | RNA based vaccine | LNP-mRNA | - | - | - | Preclinical | |
| 146 | CanSino Biologics / Precision NanoSystems | RNA based vaccine | LNP-mRNA | - | - | - | Preclinical | |
| 147 | Fudan University / Shanghai JiaoTong University / RNACure Biopharma | RNA based vaccine | LNP-encapsulated mRNA cocktail encoding VLP | - | - | - | Preclinical | |
| 148 | Fudan University / Shanghai JiaoTong University / RNACure Biopharma | RNA based vaccine | LNP-encapsulated mRNA encoding RBD | - | - | - | Preclinical | |
| 149 | Centro Nacional Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Spain | RNA based vaccine | Replicating Defective SARS-CoV-2 derived RNAs | - | - | - | Preclinical | |
| 150 | University of Tokyo / Daiichi-Sankyo | RNA based vaccine | LNP-encapsulated mRNA | - | - | - | Preclinical | |
| 151 | BIOCAD | RNA based vaccine | Liposome-encapsulated mRNA | - | - | - | Preclinical | |
| 152 | RNAimmune, Inc. | RNA based vaccine | Several mRNA candidates | - | - | - | Preclinical | |
| 153 | FBRI SRC VB VECTOR, Rospotrebnadzor, Koltsovo | RNA based vaccine | mRNA | - | - | - | Preclinical | |
| 154 | China CDC / Tongji University / Stermina | RNA based vaccine | mRNA | - | - | - | Preclinical | |
| 155 | eTheRNA | RNA based vaccine | mRNA in an intranasal delivery system | - | - | - | Preclinical | |
| 156 | Greenlight Biosciences | RNA based vaccine | mRNA | - | - | - | Preclinical | |
| 157 | IDIBAPS-Hospital Clinic, Spain | RNA based vaccine | mRNA | - | - | - | Preclinical | |
| 158 | Providence Therapeutics | RNA based vaccine | mRNA | - | - | - | Preclinical | |
| 159 | Cell Tech Pharmed | RNA based vaccine | mRNA | - | - | - | Preclinical | |
| 160 | ReNAP Co. | RNA based vaccine | mRNA | - | - | - | Preclinical | |
| 161 | Globe Biotech Ltd | RNA based vaccine | D614G variant LNP-encapsulated mRNA | - | - | - | Preclinical | |
| 162 | CEA | RNA based vaccine | Encapsulated mRNA | - | - | - | Preclinical | |
| 163 | Medigen Vaccines Biologics Corp (MVC) / Vaxess Technologies (MIMIX) | RNA based vaccine | Recombinant, prefusion stabilized SARS-CoV-2 Spike antigen | - | - | - | Preclinical | |
| 164 | Ziphius Vaccines and Ghent University | RNA based vaccine | ZIP1642 is a self-amplifying RNA vaccine encapsulated in an LNP, which encodes for multiple antigens, including the Spike (S) protein. | - | - | - | Preclinical | |
| 165 | OSE immunotherapeutics | Protein subunit | Multiple peptides fragments targeting (S, M, N) and (NSPs) SARS-CoV-2 proteins to induce T cell responses (CD8) | - | - | - | Preclinical | |
| 166 | Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems | Virus like particle | VLP | - | - | - | Preclinical | |
| 167 | University of Manitoba | Virus like particle | Virus-like particle-based Dendritic Cell(DC)-targeting vaccine | - | - | - | Preclinical | |
| 168 | Bezmialem Vakif University | Virus like particle | VLP | - | - | - | Preclinical | |
| 169 | Middle East Technical University | Virus like particle | VLP | - | - | - | Preclinical | |
| 170 | VBI Vaccines Inc. | Virus like particle | Enveloped Virus-Like Particle (eVLP) | - | - | - | Preclinical | |
| 171 | IrsiCaixa AIDS Research / IRTA-CReSA / Barcelona Supercomputing Centre / Grifols | Virus like particle | S protein integrated in HIV VLPs | - | - | - | Preclinical | |
| 172 | Mahidol University / The Government Pharmaceutical Organization (GPO) / Siriraj Hospital | Virus like particle | VLP + Adjuvant | - | - | - | Preclinical | |
| 173 | Navarrabiomed, Oncoimmunology group | Virus like particle | Virus-like particles, lentivirus and baculovirus vehicles | - | - | - | Preclinical | |
| 174 | Saiba GmbH | Virus like particle | Virus-like particle, based on RBD displayed on virus-like particles | - | - | - | Preclinical | |
| 175 | Imophoron Ltd and Bristol University’s Max Planck Centre | Virus like particle | ADDomerTM multiepitope display | - | - | - | Preclinical | |
| 176 | Doherty Institute | Virus like particle | Unknown | - | - | - | Preclinical | |
| 177 | OSIVAX | Virus like particle | VLP | - | - | - | Preclinical | |
| 178 | ARTES Biotechnology | Virus like particle | eVLP | - | - | - | Preclinical | |
| 179 | Univ. of Sao Paulo | Virus like particle | VLPs peptides / whole virus | - | - | - | Preclinical | |
| 180 | Tampere University | Virus like particle | VLPs produced in BEVS | - | - | - | Preclinical | |
| 181 | Shiraz University | Virus like particle | Plant derived VLP | - | - | - | Preclinical | |
| 182 | Arizona State University | Virus like particle | Myxoma virus co-expressing S, M, N and E proteins | - | - | - | Preclinical | |
| 183 | Arizona State University | Virus like particle | Plasmid driven production of virus -Like-Particles (VLPs) containing S, M, N and E proteins of SARS-CoV-2 | - | - | - | Preclinical | |
| 184 | Cell Tech Pharmed | Cellular based vaccine | Engineered human mesenchymal stem cells transfected with a plasmid expressing S and N-protein | - | - | - | Preclinical | |
| S No | Developer | Platform | Type | No. of doses | Timing of doses | Route of Administration | Stage [Phase] |
- Tiziana to commence trial of nasal Covid-19 monoclonal antibody [Link] (04/05/21)
- Ultrapotent bispecific antibodies neutralize emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants [Link] (04/05/21)
- The neutralization potency of anti-SARS-CoV-2 therapeutic human monoclonal antibodies is retained against novel viral variants [Link] (04/05/21)
- Structure-based development of three- and four-antibody cocktails against SARS-CoV-2 via multiple mechanisms [Link] (03/30/21)
- Lilly, Vir Biotechnology and GSK Announce Positive Topline Data from the Phase 2 BLAZE-4 Trial Evaluating Bamlanivimab with VIR-7831 in Low-Risk Adults with COVID-19 [Link] (03/30/21)
- Humanigen Reports Positive Phase 3 Topline Results Demonstrating That Lenzilumab Improves Survival Without Need for Mechanical Ventilation in Hospitalized Patients With COVID-19 [Link] (03/30/21)
- Infliximab is associated with attenuated immunogenicity to BNT162b2 and ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 SARS-CoV-2 vaccines [Link] (03/30/21)
- GSK and Vir Biotechnology Announce Submission of Emergency Use Authorization Request to FDA for VIR-7831 for the Early Treatment of COVID-19 [Link] (03/30/21)
- Bispecific IgG neutralizes SARS-CoV-2 variants and prevents escape in mice [Link] (03/30/21)
- A public vaccine-induced human antibody protects against SARS-CoV-2 and emerging variants [Link] (03/30/21)
- B.1.526 SARS-CoV-2 variants identified in New York City are neutralized by vaccine-elicited and therapeutic monoclonal antibodies [Link] (03/30/21)
- Phase 3 trial shows REGEN-COV (Casirivimab with Imdevimab) antibody cocktail reduced hospitalization or death by 70% in non-hospitalized COVID-19 patients [Link] (03/30/21)
- Iontas identify novel SARS-COV-2 neutralizing antibodies which retain binding to major covid19-causing viral variants [Link] (03/30/21)
- A bispecific monomeric nanobody induces SARS-COV-2 spike trimer dimers [Link] (03/30/21)
- ExeVir Snags $50 Million to Take Llama Antibody into First In-Human Trials [Link] (03/30/21)
- New phase III data shows investigational antibody cocktail casirivimab and imdevimab reduced hospitalisation or death by 70% in non-hospitalised patients with COVID-19 [Link] (03/23/21)
- Mavrilimumab in patients with severe COVID-19 pneumonia and systemic hyperinflammation (MASH-COVID): an investigator initiated, multicentre, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial [Link] (03/23/21)
- CORAT Therapeutics GmbH obtained regulatory authorization for clinical phase Ib/II trial with the SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing human antibody COR-101 [Link] (03/17/21)
- Edesa Biotech Reaches Enrollment Milestone in COVID Study [Link] (03/17/21)
- In vitro and in vivo preclinical studies predict REGEN-COV protection against emergence of viral escape in humans [Link] (03/17/21)
- Roche provides update on the phase III REMDACTA trial of Actemra/RoActemra plus Veklury in patients with severe COVID-19 pneumonia [Link] (03/17/21)
- CytoDyn’s Long-Haulers COVID-19 Trial Enrolled 20 Patients Within 10 Days; Enrollment to be Completed This Month [Link] (03/17/21)
- Lilly’s bamlanivimab and etesevimab together reduced hospitalizations and death in Phase 3 trial for early COVID-19 [Link] (03/17/21)
- Vir Biotechnology and GSK Announce VIR-7831 Reduces Hospitalization and Risk of Death in Early Treatment of Adults with COVID-19 [Link] (03/17/21)
- Genentech Provides Update on the Phase III REMDACTA Trial of Actemra Plus Veklury in Patients With Severe COVID-19 Pneumonia [Link] (03/17/21)
- The dual function monoclonal antibodies VIR-7831 and VIR-7832 demonstrate potent in vitro and in vivo activity against SARS-CoV-2 [Link] (03/17/21)
- Drug development of an affinity enhanced, broadly neutralizing heavy chain-only antibody that restricts SARS-CoV-2 in hamsters [Link] (03/17/21)
- CytoDyn’s Phase 3 Trial Demonstrates Safety, a 24% Reduction in Mortality and Faster Hospital Discharge for Mechanically Ventilated Critically Ill COVID-19 Patients Treated with Leronlimab [Link] (03/10/21)
- Resistance of SARS-CoV-2 variants to neutralization by monoclonal and serum-derived polyclonal antibodies [Link] (03/10/21)
- NIH-Sponsored ACTIV-3 Clinical Trial Closes Enrollment into Two Sub-Studies [Link] (03/10/21)
- Vir, GSK Halt Trial Enrollment for COVID-19 Antibody Candidate Following Dull Results [Link] (03/10/21)
- Cerecor Announces CERC-002 Significantly Reduced Respiratory Failure and Mortality in Phase 2 Clinical Trial in Patients Hospitalized with COVID-19 ARDS [Link] (03/03/21)
- GSK to amend Covid-19 antibody study to confirm efficacy in older patients [Link] (03/03/21)
- Bamlanivimab Does Not Neutralize Two SARS-CoV-2 Variants Carrying E484K in Vitro [Link] (03/03/21)
- Antibodies with Potent and Broad Neutralizing Activity against Antigenically Diverse and Highly Transmissible SARS-CoV-2 Variants [Link] (03/03/21)
- Independent Data Monitoring Committee Finds Clear Efficacy for REGEN-COV (casirivimab with imdevimab) in Phase 3 COVID-19 Outpatient Outcomes Trial [Link] (03/03/21)
- Tocilizumab in Hospitalized Patients with Severe Covid-19 Pneumonia [Link] (03/03/21)
- Interleukin-6 Receptor Antagonists in Critically Ill Patients with Covid-19 [Link] (03/03/21)
- Robust SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Nasal Turbinates after Treatment with Systemic Neutralizing Antibodies [Link] (03/03/21)
- Therapeutic activity of an inhaled potent SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing human monoclonal antibody in hamsters [Link] (03/03/21)
Monoclonal antibodies provide an alternative avenue for the prevention of COVID-19, as the vaccine development process can take at least 12-18 months. Neutralizing mAbs to SARS-CoV-2 have the potential for both therapeutic and prophylactic applications and can help to guide vaccine design and development. Numerous research groups have isolated mAbs (most often from the B cells of patients who have recently recovered from SARS-CoV-2, and in some cases from individuals who were infected with SARS-CoV in 2003). It is also possible to generate effective mAbs by immunization of humanized mice. Modern methods allow the rapid identification of pathogen-specific B cells and recovery of immunoglobulin heavy chain and light chain genes that can be expressed to produce mAbs, usually in the form of IgG. The main target of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing mAbs is the surface spike glycoprotein that mediates viral entry into host cells. Essentially all mAbs of interest target this protein. Viral infection is mediated by the interaction between the viral spike and the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE 2) receptor found on numerous cell types, but neutralizing mAbs block this event. Immune system of nearly everyone who recovers from COVID-19 produces antibodies against SARS-CoV-2, the novel coronavirus that causes this easily transmitted respiratory disease. mAbs are currently used to treat a variety of conditions, including asthma, cancer, Crohn’s disease, and rheumatoid arthritis. One advantage of this class of therapeutics is that the timelines for their development, testing, and approval are typically shorter than those for drugs made of chemical compounds, called small molecules. Because of these and other factors, many experts think antibody-based therapies may offer one of the best near-term options for developing safe, effective treatments for COVID-19 [1].
Select strategies are detailed in the section below:
Candidate: REGN10933 and REGN10987
Developers: Regeneron Pharmaceuticals
Locations: United States
Clinical Trial IDs: NCT04425629 (Phase 1), NCT04426695 (Phase 1), NCT04519437 (Phase 1)
Description: REGN-COV2 comprises two mABs (REGN10933 and REGN10987) and was designed specifically by Regeneron scientists to block infectivity of SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. Regeneron scientists evaluated thousands of fully-human antibodies produced by the company’s proprietary VelocImmunemice, which have been genetically-modified to have a human immune system, as well as antibodies isolated from humans who have recovered from COVID-19. They selected the two most potent, non-competing and virus-neutralizing antibodies to create REGN-COV2 and have scaled up this dual-antibody cocktail for clinical use with the company’s in-house VelociMaband manufacturing capabilities. REGN-COV2’s two antibodies bind non-competitively to the critical receptor binding domain of the virus’s spike protein, which diminishes the ability of mutant viruses to escape treatment and protects against spike variants that have arisen in the human population.
Regeneron announced the initiation of Phase 3 trial will evaluate REGN-COV2’s ability to prevent infection among uninfected people who have had close exposure to a COVID-19 patient (such as the patient’s housemate), and is being run jointly with the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). REGN-COV2 has also moved into the Phase 2/3 portion of two adaptive Phase 1/2/3 trials testing the cocktail’s ability to treat hospitalized and non-hospitalized (or “ambulatory”) patients with COVID-19. This clinical progress follows a positive review from the Independent Data Monitoring Committee of REGN-COV2 Phase 1 safety results in an initial cohort of 30 hospitalized and non-hospitalized patients with COVID-19. The Phase 3 prevention trial is being conducted at approximately 100 sites and is expected to enroll 2,000 patients in the U.S.; the trial will assess SARS-CoV-2 infection status. The two Phase 2/3 treatment trials in hospitalized (estimated enrollment =1,850) and non-hospitalized (estimated enrollment =1,050) patients are planned to be conducted at approximately 150 sites in the U.S., Brazil, Mexico and Chile, and will evaluate virologic and clinical endpoints, with preliminary data expected later this summer. All trials are adaptively designed, and the ultimate numbers of patients enrolled will depend on trial progress and insights from Phase 2 studies.
Recent publication from Regeneron shows that REGN-COV2, greatly reduces virus load in lower and upper airway and decreases virus induced pathological sequalae when administered prophylactically or therapeutically in both rhesus macaques and golden hamsters. The ability of REGN-COV2 to almost completely block detection of sgRNA matches or exceeds the effects recently shown in vaccine efficacy studies.
On September 14, 2020, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, and the University of Oxford announced that RECOVERY, one of the world’s largest randomized clinical trials of potential COVID-19 treatments, will evaluate Regeneron’s investigational anti-viral antibody cocktail, REGN-COV2. The Phase 3 open-label trial in patients hospitalized with COVID-19 will compare the effects of adding REGN-COV2 to the usual standard-of-care versus standard-of-care on its own. The open-label RECOVERY trial will assess the impact of adding REGN-COV2 to the usual standard-of-care on all-cause mortality 28 days after randomization. Other endpoints include the impact on hospital stay and the need for ventilation. It is anticipated that at least 2,000 patients will be randomly allocated to receive REGN-COV2 plus usual standard-of-care, and results will be compared with at least 2,000 patients who receive standard-of-care on its own. Usual standard-of-care varies by local hospital.
Regeneron Pharmaceuticals on October 06 announced the first data from a descriptive analysis of a seamless Phase 1/2/3 trial of its investigational antibody cocktail REGN-COV2 showing it reduced viral load and the time to alleviate symptoms in non-hospitalized patients with COVID-19. REGN-COV2 also showed positive trends in reducing medical visits. The ongoing, randomized, double-blind trial measures the effect of adding REGN-COV2 to usual standard-of-care, compared to adding placebo to standard-of-care.
Regeneron Pharmaceuticals on January 26 announced positive initial results from an ongoing Phase 3 clinical trial evaluating REGEN-COV (casirivimab and imdevimab antibody cocktail) used as a passive vaccine for the prevention of COVID-19 in people at high risk of infection (due to household exposure to a COVID-19 patient). An exploratory analysis was conducted on the first approximately 400 evaluable individuals enrolled in the trial, who were randomized to receive passive vaccination with REGEN-COV (1,200 mg via subcutaneous injections) or placebo. Passive vaccination with REGEN-COV resulted in 100% prevention of symptomatic infection (8/223 placebo vs. 0/186 REGEN-COV), and approximately 50% lower overall rates of infection (symptomatic and asymptomatic) (23/223 placebo vs. 10/186 REGEN-COV).
On 25 February, 2021, Regeneron announced changes to the Phase 3 trial assessing investigational REGEN-COV (casirivimab with imdevimab) in non-hospitalized patients (“outpatients”) with COVID-19, following recommendations from the Independent Data Monitoring Committee (IDMC). The IDMC found clear clinical efficacy on reducing the rate of hospitalization and death with both the 1,200 mg and 2,400 mg doses of REGEN-COV compared to placebo and recommended stopping enrollment into the placebo group. REGEN-COV also effectively neutralizes emerging strains of the virus, which are becoming increasingly common.
Status: On 23 March, 2021, In a phase III trial, Regeneron’s antibody cocktail REGEN-COV, combining casirivimab with imdevimab, reduced hospitalization or death by 70% in nonhospitalized COVID-19 patients, the company announced today. The drug—which was tested in three different doses, all of which showed similar efficacy across all endpoints—also significantly shortened duration of symptoms by 4 days. A parallel phase II trial showed “significant and comparable viral reductions for all REGEN-COV doses tested, including as low as 300 mg,” a press release notes.
References:
- Press Release: Phase III COVID-19 Prevention Trial with Antibody Cocktail. Regeneron (07/06/20).
- Publication: Antibody cocktail to SARS-CoV-2 spike protein prevents rapid mutational escape seen with individual antibodies. Science (08/21/20).
- Publication: Studies in humanized mice and convalescent humans yield a SARS-CoV-2 antibody cocktail. Science (08/21/20).
- Preprint: REGN-COV2 antibody cocktail prevents and treats SARS-CoV-2 infection in rhesus macaques and hamsters. BioRxiv (08/03/20).
- Press Release: Recovery covid-19 phase 3 trial to evaluate Regeneron’s REGN-COV2 investigational antibody cocktail in the UK. Regeneron (09/14/20).
- Press Release: REGENERON’S REGN-COV2 ANTIBODY COCKTAIL REDUCED VIRAL LEVELS AND IMPROVED SYMPTOMS IN NON-HOSPITALIZED COVID-19 PATIENTS. Regeneron. (10/06/20).
- Press Release: Regeneron Reports Positive Interim Data with REGEN-COV Antibody Cocktail used as Passive Vaccine to Prevent COVID-19. (01/26/21).
- Press Release: Independent Data Monitoring Committee Finds Clear Efficacy for REGEN-COV (casirivimab with imdevimab) in Phase 3 COVID-19 Outpatient Outcomes Trial. (02/25/21).
- Press Release: Phase 3 trial shows REGEN-COV (Casirivimab with Imdevimab) antibody cocktail reduced hospitalization or death by 70% in non-hospitalized COVID-19 patients. Regeneron (03/23/21).
Candidate: LY3819253 (Bamlanivimab, LY-CoV555) and LY3832479 (Etesevimab, LY-CoV016, JS016); Mono- and Combination thearapies.
Developers: Eli Lilly, AbCellera, Shanghai Junshi Biosciences, NIAID.
Locations: United States.
Clinical Trial IDs: NCT04441931 (Phase 1), NCT04411628 (Phase 1), BLAZE-2/NCT04497987 (Phase 3), BLAZE-1/NCT04427501 (Phase 2)
Description: LY-CoV555 is a potent, neutralizing IgG1 mAb directed against the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2. It is designed to block viral attachment and entry into human cells, thus neutralizing the virus, potentially preventing and treating COVID-19. Emerged from the collaboration between Lilly and AbCellera to create antibody therapies for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19. Lilly scientists rapidly developed the antibody in less than three months after it was discovered by AbCellera and tested by the scientists at the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) Vaccine Research Center. It was identified from a blood sample taken from one of the first U.S. patients who recovered from COVID-19.
LY-CoV016 (also known as JS016) is a recombinant fully human monoclonal neutralizing antibody, which specifically binds to the SARS-CoV-2 surface spike protein receptor binding domain with high affinity and can effectively block the binding of the virus to the ACE2 host cell surface receptor. Point mutations were introduced into the native human IgG1 antibody to mitigate effector function. A SARS-CoV-2 challenge study was conducted in rhesus macaques and showed LY-CoV016 is effective for both prophylactic and therapeutic venues against SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Lilly has successfully completed enrollment and primary safety assessments of LY-CoV555 in a Phase 1 study of hospitalized patients with COVID-19 (NCT04411628) and long-term follow-up is ongoing. Lilly has also successfully completed a Phase 1 study (NCT04441931) of LY-CoV016 in healthy U.S. volunteers to evaluate the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics and immunogenicity. LY-CoV016 has been well tolerated and no drug-related severe adverse events (SAEs) have been observed to date.
Preprint on Eli Lilly’s candidate mAb reported that high-throughput microfluidic screening of antigen-specific B-cells led to the identification of LY-CoV555, a potent anti-spike neutralizing antibody from a convalescent COVID-19 patient. Biochemical, structural, and functional characterization revealed high-affinity binding to the receptor-binding domain, ACE2 binding inhibition, and potent neutralizing activity. In a rhesus macaque challenge model, prophylaxis doses as low as 2.5 mg/kg reduced viral replication in the upper and lower respiratory tract.
On October 7, 2020, Lilly announced that it has submitted request for emergency use authorization (EUA) for monotherapy to U.S. FDA. New data show combination therapy met primary and secondary endpoints, reducing viral load, symptoms and hospitalizations. Lilly also plans to initiate a large open-label pragmatic study in COVID-19 outpatients in October.
In LY-CoV555 monotherapy studies there have been isolated drug-related infusion reactions or hypersensitivity that were generally mild (two reported as serious infusion reactions, all patients recovered). Treatment emergent adverse events were comparable to placebo for both LY-CoV555 monotherapy and combination therapy.
Combination therapy – Data from a new interim analysis of the BLAZE-1 (NCT04427501) clinical trial showed that combination therapy with two of Lilly’s SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies reduced viral load, symptoms and COVID-related hospitalization and ER visits. The randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled Phase 2 study evaluated LY-CoV555 and LY-CoV016, which bind complementary regions of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, for the treatment of symptomatic COVID-19 in the outpatient setting. The combination cohort enrolled recently diagnosed patients with mild-to-moderate COVID-19, who were assigned to 2800 mg of each antibody (n=112) or placebo (n=156). The combination therapy significantly reduced viral load at day 11 (p=0.011), meeting the primary endpoint of the study. Most patients, including those receiving placebo, demonstrated near complete viral clearance by day 11. Combination therapy has been generally well tolerated with no drug-related serious adverse events. The BLAZE-1 clinical trial continues to enroll a confirmatory cohort of higher-risk patients who have been recently diagnosed with mild-to-moderate COVID-19.
Other ongoing clinical trials include a Phase 3 study of LY-CoV555 monotherapy for the prevention of COVID-19 in residents and staff at long-term care facilities (BLAZE-2, NCT04497987). In addition, LY-CoV555 monotherapy is being tested in the National Institutes of Health-led ACTIV-2 and ACTIV-3 studies of ambulatory and hospitalized COVID-19 patients.
On January 21, 2021, Lilly announced, Bamlanivimab (LY-CoV555) significantly reduced the risk of contracting symptomatic COVID-19 among residents and staff of long-term care facilities, Eli Lilly and Company announced. The Phase 3 BLAZE-2 COVID-19 prevention trial (BLAZE-2, NCT04497987) – conducted in partnership with the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and the COVID-19 Prevention Network (CoVPN) – enrolled residents and staff at skilled nursing and assisted living facilities, commonly referred to as nursing homes, across the U.S. The 965 participants (299 residents and 666 staff) were randomized to receive either 4,200 mg of bamlanivimab or placebo.
Status: On February 9, 2021, The U.S. FDA granted Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) for investigational bamlanivimab (LY-CoV555) 700 mg and etesevimab (LY-CoV016) 1400 mg together, Eli Lilly and Company announced. This therapy is authorized for the treatment of mild to moderate COVID-19 in patients aged 12 and older who are at high risk for progressing to severe COVID-19 and/or hospitalization.
On March 29, 2021, Eli Lilly, Vir Biotechnology, and GlaxoSmithKline announced topline data from the expanded Phase 2 BLAZE-4 (NCT04634409) trial studying low-risk adult patients with mild to moderate COVID-19. Results showed that investigational bamlanivimab (LY-CoV555) 700 mg co-administered with VIR-7831 (also known as GSK4182136) 500 mg demonstrated a 70 percent (p<0.001) relative reduction in persistently high viral load (> 5.27; cycle threshold value < 27.5) at day 7 compared to placebo, meeting the primary endpoint. In addition, bamlanivimab administered with VIR-7831 demonstrated a statistically significant reduction compared to placebo in the key virologic secondary endpoints of mean change from baseline to days 3, 5 and 7 in SARS-CoV-2 viral load. There were no events for the secondary endpoint of COVID-19 related hospitalization or death by day 29 in either study arm. One patient (in the treatment arm) visited the emergency room for COVID-19 related symptoms. No serious adverse events were seen with co-administration of bamlanivimab and VIR-7831.
References:
- Press Release: Lilly Begins World’s First Study of a Potential COVID-19 Antibody Treatment in Humans. Eli Lilly (06/01/20).
- Press Release: Lilly Initiates Phase 3 Trial of LY-CoV555 for Prevention of COVID-19 at Long-Term Care Facilities in Partnership with the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID). Eli Lilly (08/03/20).
- Press Release: Lilly announces proof of concept data for neutralizing antibody LY-CoV555 in the COVID-19 outpatient setting. Eli Lilly (09/16/20).
- Preprint: LY-CoV555, a rapidly isolated potent neutralizing antibody, provides protection in a non-human primate model of SARS-CoV-2 infection. bioRxiv (10/01/20).
- Press Release: Lilly provides comprehensive update on progress of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody programs. Eli Lilly (10/07/20).
- Press Release: Lilly’s neutralizing antibody bamlanivimab (LY-CoV555) prevented COVID-19 at nursing homes in the BLAZE-2 trial, reducing risk by up to 80 percent for residents (01/21/21).
- Press Release: Lilly’s bamlanivimab (LY-CoV555) administered with etesevimab (LY-CoV016) receives FDA emergency use authorization for COVID-19 (02/09/21).
- Press Release: Lilly, Vir Biotechnology and GSK Announce Positive Topline Data from the Phase 2 BLAZE-4 Trial Evaluating Bamlanivimab with VIR-7831 in Low-Risk Adults with COVID-19. Eli Lilly (03/29/21).
Candidate: Tocilizumab (Actemra/RoActemra)
Developers: Roche, Genentech
Locations: USA, Canada, Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Spain, UK.
Clinical Trial IDs: COVACTA/NCT04320615 (phase III), REMDACTA/NCT04409262 (phase III), EMPACTA/NCT04372186 (phase III)
Description: Actemra/RoActemra was the first approved anti-IL-6 receptor biologic available in both intravenous and subcutaneous formulations for the treatment of adult patients with moderate-to-severe active rheumatoid arthritis. On 19 March, Roche announced the initiation of COVACTA- a clinical trial to evaluate the safety and efficacy of intravenous Actemra/RoActemra (tocilizumab) plus SoC in hospitalised adult patients with severe COVID-19 pneumonia compared to placebo plus SoC. COVACTA is a double-blind, placebo-controlled phase III study in approximately 450 adult patients hospitalised with severe COVID-19 pneumonia. REMDACTA is a two-armed global phase III, randomised, double-blind, multicentre study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of Actemra/RoActemra plus remdesivir, versus placebo plus remdesivir in hospitalised patients with severe COVID-19 pneumonia receiving Soc.
Genentech’s EMPACTA will evaluate the efficacy and safety of tocilizumab (TCZ) compared with a placebo in combination with standard of care (SOC) in hospitalized participants with COVID-19 pneumonia. EMPACTA is the first global Phase III trial with a focus on enrolling largely underserved and minority patients.
On July 29, 2020, Roche announced that the trial did not meet its primary endpoint of improved clinical status in patients with COVID-19 associated pneumonia, or the key secondary endpoint of reduced patient mortality. The study was the first global, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase III trial investigating in this setting. Roche remains committed to continuing the clinical trial program to further explore Actemra/RoActemra in other treatment settings, including in combination with an antiviral.
In a preprint published September 12, 2020, authors reported that the COVACTA trial (NCT04320615) in hospitalized COVID-19 pneumonia patients (Overall 452 – 94 tocilizumab-treated and 144 placebo-treated), tocilizumab did not improve clinical status or mortality. Potential benefits in time to hospital discharge and duration of ICU stay are being investigated in ongoing clinical trials.
On September 17, 2020, EMPACTA became the first global Phase III trial to show efficacy with Actemra in COVID-19 associated pneumonia. There was no statistical difference in mortality between patients who received Actemra or placebo. The cumulative proportion of patients who progressed to mechanical ventilation or death by day 28 was 12.2% in the Actemra/RoActemra arm versus 19.3% in the placebo arm. The EMPACTA study did not identify any new safety signals for Actemra/RoActemra. Approximately 85% of the 389 patients were from minority racial and ethnic groups.
In a preprint published February 11, 2021, RECOVERY trial reported that, between 23 April 2020 and 25 January 2021, 4116 adults were included in the assessment of tocilizumab. 596 (29%) of the 2022 patients allocated tocilizumab and 694 (33%) of the 2094 patients allocated to usual care died within 28 days (rate ratio 0.86). Consistent results were seen in all pre-specified subgroups of patients. Patients allocated to tocilizumab were more likely to be discharged from hospital alive within 28 days. Among those not receiving invasive mechanical ventilation at baseline, patients allocated tocilizumab were less likely to reach the composite endpoint of invasive mechanical ventilation or death.
Status: On March 11, 2021, Roche announced the phase III REMDACTA trial of Actemra/RoActemra plus Veklury, compared with remdesivir alone, a combination of the monoclonal antibody tocilizumab and the antiviral remdesivir did not improve time to hospital discharge up to day 28 in patients with severe COVID-19 pneumonia.
References:
- Publication: Subcutaneous tocilizumab treatment in patients with severe COVID-19–related cytokine release syndrome: An observational cohort study. The Lancet (07/01/20).
- Press Release: Roche provides an update on the phase III COVACTA trial of Actemra/RoActemra in hospitalised patients with severe COVID-19 associated pneumonia. Roche (07/29/20).
- Preprint: Tocilizumab in Hospitalized Patients With COVID-19 Pneumonia. medRxiv (9/12/20).
- Press Release: Genentech’s Phase III EMPACTA Study Showed Actemra Reduced the Likelihood of Needing Mechanical Ventilation in Hospitalized Patients With COVID-19 Associated Pneumonia. Genentech (9/17/20).
- Preprint: Tocilizumab in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 (RECOVERY): preliminary results of a randomised, controlled, open-label, platform trial. medRxiv (02/11/21).
- Press Release: Roche provides update on the phase III REMDACTA trial of Actemra/RoActemra plus Veklury in patients with severe COVID-19 pneumonia. Roche (03/11/21).
Candidate: COV2-2196 and COV2-2130, AZD7442 (AZD8895 + AZD1061)
Developers: Astrazeneca, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Parexel
Locations: United Kingdom
Clinical Trial IDs: NCT04507256 (Phase 1)
Description: AZD7442 is a combination of two mAbs derived from convalescent patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Discovered by Vanderbilt University Medical Center and licensed to AstraZeneca in June 2020, the mAbs were optimized by AstraZeneca with half-life extension and reduced Fc receptor binding. The half-life extended mAbs should afford at least six months of protection from COVID-19. The mAbs were shown preclinically to block the binding of the SARS-CoV-2 virus to host cells and protect against infection in cell and animal models of disease. The two potently neutralizing monoclonal antibodies, COV2-2196 and COV2-2130, which recognize non-overlapping sites, bound simultaneously to the S protein and neutralized wild-type SARS-CoV-2 virus in a synergistic manner.
On August 25, AstraZeneca began Phase 1 trial for mAbs combination. The trial will evaluate the safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics of AZD7442. The trial will include up to 48 healthy participants in the UK aged 18 to 55 years and is funded by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), part of the US Department of Defense, and the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA), part of the Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response at the US Department of Health and Human Services.
Two trials of AZD7442 will enrol over 6,000 adults for the prevention of COVID-19 with additional trials enrolling ~4,000 adults for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infections. US Government is set to invest ~$486m for development and supply of up to 100,000 doses and can acquire another one million doses.
Status: On February 8, an international randomized, controlled Phase 3 clinical trial has begun evaluating the safety and efficacy of an investigational long-acting antibody combination for treating people hospitalized with COVID-19. The trial, part of a master protocol known as ACTIV-3, has an adaptive design allowing investigators to add new sub-studies of additional investigational agents. The new sub-study is evaluating AZD7442, an investigational long-acting antibody combination developed by biopharmaceutical company AstraZeneca (Cambridge, United Kingdom).
References:
- Press Release: Vanderbilt, AstraZeneca collaborate on new COVID-19 antibody research. Astrazeneca (06/09/20).
- Publication: Potently neutralizing and protective human antibodies against SARS-CoV-2. Nature (07/15/20).
- Press Release: Phase I clinical trial initiated for monoclonal antibody combination for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19. Astrazeneca (08/25/20).
- Press Release: COVID-19 Long-Acting AntiBody (LAAB) combination AZD7442 rapidly advances into Phase III clinical trials. AstraZeneca (10/09/20).
- Press Release: Clinical trial in hospitalized COVID-19 patients evaluates long-acting antibody therapy. NIH (02/08/21).
Candidate: Adalimumab (Humira)
Developers: AbbVie Inc., University of Oxford
Locations: United Kingdom; China
Clinical Trial IDs: ISRCTN33260034 (Phase 2)
Description: Adalimumab is a human recombinant monoclonal antibody directed against the soluble and cell-bound forms of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and has been used for inflammatory conditions. It is approved for use in rheumatoid arthritis, juvenile idiopathic arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, inflammatory bowel disease, and both the skin and joint manifestations of psoriasis. Recent studies have shown that COVID-19 patients taking anti-TNF drugs are less likely to be hospitalized, the university said.
Data from SECURE-IBD, a coronavirus and IBD database, have shown that of 116 patients on anti-TNF therapy who contracted Covid-19, 99 recovered without hospitalization and one patient died. Meanwhile, in 71 patients who were receiving only 5-aminosalicylates for their underlying inflammatory disease, half recovered without hospitalization and six patients died. This suggests that IBD patients with Covid-19 receiving anti-TNF therapy do not fare worse than those treated with other therapies.
On September 30, 2020, researchers at the University of Oxford announced the start of a new study to explore the effectiveness of the adalimumab as a treatment for patients with COVID-19 in the community, especially care homes. The AVID-CC trial, which will be conducted by Oxford Clinical Trials Research Unit (OCTRU), will enroll up to 750 patients from community care settings throughout the UK.
It is funded by the COVID-19 Therapeutics Accelerator, an initiative set up by Wellcome, the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and Mastercard, with support from an array of public and philanthropic donors.
“The observed potential of anti-TNF drugs has prompted us to conduct a study in patients in community care to see whether treatment with the anti-TNF drug adalimumab reduces the progression to severe or critical disease or death in COVID-19 patients,” said Prof Duncan Richards, Professor of Clinical Therapeutics, University of Oxford.
Status: On January 20, Global clinical research organisation (CRO) Pharm-Olam has been selected by the US Department of Defense (DOD) to lead and offer full-service clinical trial support of the Adalimumab COVID Therapeutic Trial. Adalimumab will be tested in the adaptive, outpatient trial as a treatment against the inflammatory response and associated complications due to Covid-19.
References:
- Press Release: Oxford researchers start new trial on the use of anti-TNF to treat Covid-19 in care homes. University of Oxford (09/30/20).
- News: Anti-TNF therapy could treat patients suffering from Covid-19-related ARDS (05/29/20).
- Trial Page: Adalimumab for coronavirus in community care. OCTRU (09/30/20).
- Press Release: Pharm-Olam to support Adalimumab COVID Therapeutic Trial. Clinical trials arena (01/20/2021).
Candidate: VIR-7831 and VIR-7832
Developers: Vir Biotechnology, GlaxoSmithKline
Locations: United States
Clinical Trial IDs: NCT04545060 (Phase 2/3)
Description: VIR-7831 is a monoclonal antibody that has demonstrated the ability to neutralize SARS-CoV-2 live virus in vitro. The antibody binds to an epitope on SARS-CoV-2 that is shared with SARS-CoV-1 (also known as SARS), indicating that the epitope is highly conserved, which may make it more difficult for escape mutants to develop. VIR-7831 has been engineered to enhance bioavailability and have an extended half-life.
VIR-7832 is a monoclonal antibody that has demonstrated the ability to neutralize SARS-CoV-2 live virus in vitro. The antibody binds to an epitope on SARS-CoV-2 that is shared with SARS-CoV-1 (also known as SARS), indicating that the epitope is highly conserved, which may make it more difficult for escape mutants to develop. VIR-7832 has been engineered to enhance bioavailability, have an extended half-life and to potentially function as a T cell vaccine.
On August 31, 2020, Vir Biotechnology and GSK announced start of Phase 2/3 study of the antibody treatment. The first patient was dosed last week in a Phase 2/3 study with VIR-7831 (also known as GSK4182136), a fully human anti-SARS-CoV-2 monoclonal antibody, for the early treatment of COVID-19 in patients who are at high risk of hospitalization. The aim of the COMET-ICE (COVID-19 Monoclonal antibody Efficacy Trial – Intent to Care Early) study, which will enroll approximately 1,300 patients worldwide who have early symptomatic infection, is to assess whether VIR-7831, as a single-dose monoclonal antibody, can prevent hospitalization due to COVID-19. Initial results may be available before the end of this year.
Vir Biotechnology is expanding its Phase III COMET-ICE study evaluating VIR-7831 for the early treatment of COVID-19 in patients who are at high risk of hospitalization.
On December 17, 2020, Vir Biotechnology and GlaxoSmithKline plc announced that the first patient has been dosed in a new sub-trial of the NIH ACTIV Program Phase 3 clinical trial. This trial is designed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of VIR-7831 for the treatment of hospitalized adults with COVID-19.
On January 27, 2021, Eli Lilly, Vir Biotechnology, and GlaxoSmithKline announced a collaboration to evaluate a combination of two COVID-19 therapies in low-risk patients with mild to moderate COVID-19. Lilly has expanded its ongoing BLAZE-4 trial to evaluate the administration of bamlanivimab (LY-CoV555) 700mg with VIR-7831 (also known as GSK4182136) 500mg, two neutralizing antibodies that bind to different epitopes of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. This unique collaboration marks the first time that monoclonal antibodies from separate companies will be brought together to explore potential outcomes.
Status: On March 10, 2021, Vir Biotechnology and GlaxoSmithKline announced that an IDMC recommended that the Phase 3 COMET-ICE (COVID-19 Monoclonal antibody Efficacy Trial – Intent to Care Early) trial evaluating VIR-7831 (GSK4182136) as monotherapy for the early treatment of COVID-19 in adults at high risk of hospitalization be stopped for enrollment due to evidence of profound efficacy. The IDMC recommendation was based on an interim analysis of data from 583 patients enrolled in the COMET-ICE trial, which demonstrated an 85% (p=0.002) reduction in hospitalization or death in patients receiving VIR-7831 as monotherapy compared to placebo, the primary endpoint of the trial. VIR-7831 was well tolerated. As the trial remains ongoing and blinded with patients continuing to be followed for 24 weeks, additional results, including epidemiology and virology data, will be forthcoming once the trial is completed. Based on these results, Vir and GSK plan to submit an Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) application to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and for authorizations in other countries.
On March 29, 2021, Eli Lilly, Vir Biotechnology, and GlaxoSmithKline announced topline data from the expanded Phase 2 BLAZE-4 (NCT04634409) trial studying low-risk adult patients with mild to moderate COVID-19. Results showed that investigational bamlanivimab (LY-CoV555) 700 mg co-administered with VIR-7831 (also known as GSK4182136) 500 mg demonstrated a 70 percent (p<0.001) relative reduction in persistently high viral load (> 5.27; cycle threshold value < 27.5) at day 7 compared to placebo, meeting the primary endpoint. In addition, bamlanivimab administered with VIR-7831 demonstrated a statistically significant reduction compared to placebo in the key virologic secondary endpoints of mean change from baseline to days 3, 5 and 7 in SARS-CoV-2 viral load. There were no events for the secondary endpoint of COVID-19 related hospitalization or death by day 29 in either study arm. One patient (in the treatment arm) visited the emergency room for COVID-19 related symptoms. No serious adverse events were seen with co-administration of bamlanivimab and VIR-7831.
References:
- Website: Vir Bio’s antibody pipeline (accessed 09/21/20).
- Press Release: GSK and Vir Biotechnology enter collaboration to find coronavirus solutions. GSK (04/06/21).
- Press Release: Vir Biotechnology and GSK Start Phase 2/3 Study of COVID-19 Antibody Treatment. Vir Biotechnology (09/14/20).
- Press Release: Vir Biotechnology and GSK announce global expansion to Phase 3 of COMET-ICE study evaluating VIR-7831 for the treatment of COVID-19. Vir Bio (10/06/20).
- Press Release: Vir Biotechnology and GSK Announce Start of NIH-Sponsored ACTIV-3 Trial Evaluating VIR-7831 in Hospitalized Adults with COVID-19 (12/27/20).
- Press Release: Lilly, Vir Biotechnology and GSK announce first patient dosed in expanded BLAZE-4 trial evaluating bamlanivimab (LY-CoV555) with VIR-7831 (GSK4182136) for COVID-19 (01/27/21).
- Press Release: Vir Biotechnology and GSK Announce VIR-7831 Reduces Hospitalization and Risk of Death in Early Treatment of Adults with COVID-19. Vir Bio (03/10/21).
- Press Release: Lilly, Vir Biotechnology and GSK Announce Positive Topline Data from the Phase 2 BLAZE-4 Trial Evaluating Bamlanivimab with VIR-7831 in Low-Risk Adults with COVID-19. Eli Lilly (03/29/21).
Candidate: COVI-GUARD (Neutralizing Antibody – STI 1499), COVI-SHIELD (Neutralizing Antibody Cocktail), COVI-AMG (Affinity Matured COVI-GUARD Neutralizing Antibody – STI 2020), and COVIDROPS (Intranasal COVI-AMG Neutralizing Antibody – STI 2099)
Developers: Sorrento Therapeutics, Inc.
Locations: United States
Clinical Trial IDs: NCT04454398 (Phase 1)
Sorrento is developing a Neutralizing Antibody COVI-GUARD (Neutralizing Antibody – STI 1499) which binds to S1 subunit of SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein. It is also developing a Neutralizing Antibody Cocktail COVI-SHIELD (Neutralizing Antibody Cocktail) to bind to distinct epitopes on SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein. The antibody cocktail potentially creates a high barrier to emergence of resistant variants in treated individuals. Both the mAbs Fc regions are engineered to eliminate interactions with host Fc receptors, thereby decreasing risk of Antibody Dependent Enhancement of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Sorrento is developing COVI-AMG (STI-2020; Affinity Matured COVI-Guard) neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) against SARS-CoV-2 infection. STI-2020 has demonstrated greater than 50-fold increase in potency in in vitro experiments. In addition to the intravenous formulation of COVI-AMG neutralizing antibody, Sorrento is developing COVIDROPS which will be the intranasal formulation of COVI-AMG.
Sorrento Therapeutics is teaming up with New York City-based Mount Sinai Health System to develop COVI-SHIELD to treat COVID-19. COVI-SHIELD is expected to deliver a mixture of three antibodies that combined recognize three specific regions of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein.
August 19, 2020, Sorrento announced that it is filing an investigational new drug application (IND) for COVI-GUARD (STI-1499) for hospitalized COVID-19 patients. Sorrento has previously received guidance from the FDA in response to a pre-IND meeting package and believes it has addressed all questions and followed the recommendations from the agency for all sections of the IND. As Sorrento previously announced, in preclinical studies, STI-1499 demonstrated 100% neutralizing effect (in vitro) of the antibody and that a low dose prevented SARS-CoV-2 from infecting healthy cells in such preclinical in vitro studies. Animal data generated by Dr. Paessler’s laboratory at the UTMB in Syrian Golden Hamsters infected with SARS-CoV-2, justify the IND filing and continued clinical development.
The highest proposed dose (200 mg per patient) in the phase 1 safety trial is a much lower dose than currently being tested for other known antibodies in active clinical studies. The potentially higher potency of the antibody may allow for faster scaled manufacturing (availability to patients) and potentially a lower cost per dose as compared to other known antibodies currently being evaluated.
STI-1499 antibody has also been evaluated in preclinical studies against multiple strains of SARS-CoV-2, including the highly contagious D614G mutant, the current dominant strain globally. In such preclinical studies, the antibody has been 100% effective against the highly contagious D614G mutant strain at a low dose.
On September 16, 2020, Sorrento announced that phase 1 clinical trial for STI-1499 (COVI-GUARD™) in hospitalized COVID-19 patients has received FDA notice that it may proceed with patient enrollment. The initial trial is expected to enroll rapidly and is expected to be followed by large trials targeting a potential EUA submission as early as before the end of this year. Sorrento has initiated cGMP manufacturing to produce 50,000 doses in anticipation of a potential EUA.
On September 28, Sorrento released preclinical study results, both STI-1499 and STI-2020 demonstrated potent neutralizing activity against SARS-CoV-2 virus isolates, including the emerging Spike D614G variant virus. STI-1499 and STI-2020 also demonstrated protective activities against SARS-CoV-2 infection in Syrian golden hamsters. At day 5, STI-2020 at 500 ug reduced virus load in hamster lungs to undetectable levels in 100% of animals tested, whereas STI-1499 at 2,000 ug reduced virus load below the detection limit in 60% of animals tested and showed a 10-fold reduction in the remaining 40% of animals.
On November 11, 2020, Sorrento Announces IND Filing for STI-2099 (COVI-DROPS) for a phase 1 safety and pharmacokinetic study in healthy volunteers and outpatients with mild COVID-19 disease with or without a simultaneous intravenous injection of COVI-AMG™. Initial trial is expected to be followed by a phase 2 trial in both mild and moderate COVID-19 patients, either as a stand-alone nasal application or as a combination nasal and intravenous administration.
On December 9, 2020, FDA has granted clearance for the commencement of Phase 1 clinical trials of STI-2020 (COVI-AMGTM) in healthy volunteers and COVID-19 patients with mild symptoms. STI-2020, a monoclonal antibody, has been engineered for ultra-high potency, which potentially translates to a smaller IV volume required to administer an effective dose. In preclinical studies, STI-2020 demonstrated strong or stronger affinities to multiple antibody drug-resistant SARS-CoV-2 variants.
On January 19, 2021, Sorrento Therapeutics announced that it will be presenting preliminary results from an ongoing SARS-CoV-2 mutation surveillance program for its neutralizing antibodies currently in clinical and pre-clinical development for treatment of patients with COVID-19 disease. Disclosed data will provide evidence of maintained binding potency by STI-2020 in in vitro assays including the Spike amino acid changes found in SARS-CoV-2 viruses of the B.1.1.7 lineage initially identified in the United Kingdom which has since been detected in ten U.S states.Status: On March 2, 2021, FDA granted IND clearance today for the commencement of a Phase 1 safety and pharmacokinetic study for STI-2099 (COVIDROPS) in healthy volunteers and outpatients with mild COVID-19 disease with or without a simultaneous intravenous injection of STI-2020 (COVI-AMG). Initial trials are expected to be followed by a Phase 2 trial in both mild and moderate COVID-19 patients, either as a stand-alone nasal application or as a combination nasal and intravenous administration. This is the first FDA clearance of a clinical trial of intranasal administration of a neutralizing antibody against the SARS-CoV-2 virus.
References:
- Press Release: Sorrento And Mount Sinai Health System To Jointly Develop COVI-SHIELD™ Antibody Therapy Targeting SARS-CoV-2 Infection (COVID-19). Sorrento (05/12/2020).
- Publication: Sorrento’s antibody completely blocks Covid-19 in-vitro. Pharmaceutical-technology (05/18/20).
- Press Release: Sorrento Announces FDA IND Filing Today for COVI-GUARD Neutralizing and High Potency Antibody Against SARS-CoV-2. Sorrento (08/19/20).
- Press Release: Sorrento Receives US FDA Clearance to Proceed With Phase 1 Clinical Trial of STI-1499 (COVI-GUARD) Neutralizing Antibody in COVID-19 Positive Patients. Sorrento (09/16/20).
- Press Release: Sorrento Releases Preclinical Data for STI-1499 (COVI-Guard™) and STI-2020 (COVI-AMG™), Potent Neutralizing Antibodies Against SARS-CoV-2. Sorrento (09/28/20).
- Press Release: Sorrento Announces IND Filing for COVI-DROPS, an Intranasal Formulation of a High Potency Neutralizing Antibody Against SARS-CoV-2. Sorrento (11/11/20).
- Press Release: Sorrento Receives US FDA Clearance to Proceed With Phase 1 Clinical Trials for STI-2020 (COVI-AMG) in Healthy Volunteers and in Newly Diagnosed COVID-19 Patients. Sorrento (12/09/20).
- Press Release: Sorrento to Present Data Demonstrating STI-2020 Preserves Binding Against UK B.1.1.7 SARS-CoV-2 Mutated Spike Protein. Biospace (01/19/21).
- Press Release: Sorrento Receives US FDA Clearance to Proceed With Phase 1 Study for STI-2099 (Intranasal COVIDROPS) in Healthy Volunteers and Outpatient Treatment for Newly Diagnosed COVID-19 Positive Patients. Sorrento (03/02/21).
Candidate: Lenzilumab
Developers: Humanigen
Locations: United States
Clinical Trial IDs: NCT04351152 (Phase 3)
Description: Lenzilumab is a first-in-class Humaneered recombinant mAB targeting human GM-CSF, with potential immunomodulatory activity, high binding affinity in the picomolar range, 94% homology to human germline, and has low immunogenicity. Following intravenous administration, lenzilumab binds to and neutralizes GM-CSF, preventing GM-CSF binding to its receptor, thereby preventing GM-CSF-mediated signaling to myeloid progenitor cells. Lenzilumab has been studied across 4 completed clinical trials in healthy volunteers, and persons with asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, and chronic myelomonocytic leukemia. A total of 113 individuals received lenzilumab in these trials; lenzilumab was very well tolerated with a low frequency and severity of adverse events.
Lenzilumab has been shown to have a protective effect against cytokine release syndrome associated with CAR-T therapy. It’s believed that Lenzilumab can aid cytokine-mediated immunopathology of lung injury and ARDS.
Early results from the first 12 patients who received lenzilumab at Mayo Clinic locations showed 11 of 12 patients (92%) had clinical improvement, with a median discharge time of 5 days. Oxygenation was also improved in patients taking lenzilumab.
Humanigen now expects to complete enrolment of the 300 subjects this month with topline results due in the fourth quarter. Statements regarding the potential that lenzilumab will receive an Emergency Use Authorization in 2020 and commence commercialization, and regarding the potential additional manufacturing capacity afforded by the collaboration beginning in 2021.
On September 1, 2020, Lenzilumab is being evaluated in an ongoing Phase III trial and was selected by the NIH for its COVID-19 Big Effect Trial. 80% reduction in relative risk of invasive mechanical ventilation and/or death in patients treated with lenzilumab compared to the control group. Median time to resolution of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) reduced to one day for patients treated with lenzilumab versus eight days in control group. Lenzilumab patients discharged from the hospital in less than half the time compared with control group. The study involved a total of 39 patients, including 12 treated with lenzilumab, and 27 contemporaneous matched control patients who received standard of care treatment.
A case report shared by Humanigen on October 06, demonstrated rapid resolution of hypoxemia and mobility and potential benefit of lenzilumab beyond the initial acute hyper-inflammatory window. After 13 weeks of hospitalization, administration of lenzilumab resulted in rapid improvement in oxygenation and subsequent discharge.
On November 6, 2020, Humanigen announced positive interim Phase III data of lenzilumab in hospitalized COVID-19 patients. They found the drug had a clinically meaningful impact on patient recovery. About 37% more recoveries were seen in the lenzilumab arm of the trial compared to standard-of-care (SOC). As a result, the company plans to increase enrollment to about 515 patients, which would increase the likelihood of hitting the primary endpoint while maintaining the power of the trial at 90%.
On January 10, 2021, Humanigen announced that they are partnering to make lenzilumab available to hospitalized and hypoxic COVID-19 patients in the event that an Emergency Use Authorization is issued from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and subsequent BLA.
Status: On March 29, 2021, Humanigen announced positive topline results from its Phase 3 clinical trial evaluating the efficacy and safety of lenzilumab in patients hospitalized with COVID-19. Trial results showed that patients who received lenzilumab and other treatments, including steroids and/or remdesivir, had a 54% greater relative likelihood of survival without the need for IMV compared with patients receiving placebo and other treatments. These results are statistically significant. The trial incorporated a diverse population with various comorbidities, most commonly a body mass index above 30, which is representative of a real-world, high-risk population. Company’s next step is to submit an application for Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as soon as possible.
References:
- Preprint: First Clinical Use of Lenzilumab to Neutralize GM-CSF in Patients with Severe COVID-19 Pneumonia. medRxiv (06/14/20).
- Press Release Humanigen Expands Phase III Study of Lenzilumab in COVID-19 to Brazil (08/10/2020).
- Press Release: Humanigen Reports Additional Analysis of Lenzilumab in Severe and Critical COVID-19 Patients Humanigen (06/16/2020).
- Press Release: Lenzilumab COVID-19 Case-Control Study Published in Mayo Clinic Journal. Humanigen (09/01/2020).
- Press Release: Humanigen says review of lenzilumab Phase 3 study of COVID-19 by data safety monitoring board gets green light to continue. Humanigen (09/14/20).
- Press Release: Humanigen and Lonza Announce Collaboration to Expand Manufacturing of Humanigen’s COVID-19 Therapeutic Candidate Lenzilumab. Humanigen (09/15/20).
- Press Release: Humanigen Announces COVID-19 Case Report Demonstrating Rapid Resolution and Discharge after Single IND Emergency Use Authorization of Lenzilumab. Humanigen (10/06/20).
- Press Release Humanigen Announces Positive Interim Phase 3 Data of Lenzilumab in Patients Hospitalized with COVID-19. Humanigen (11/06/20).
- Press Release: Humanigen and EVERSANA Announce Partnership to Support the Launch and Commercialization of Lenzilumab for the Treatment of COVID-19 (01/10/21).
- Press Release : Humanigen Reports Positive Phase 3 Topline Results Demonstrating That Lenzilumab Improves Survival Without Need for Mechanical Ventilation in Hospitalized Patients With COVID-19. Humanigen (03/29/21).
Candidate: Sarilumab (Kevzara)
Developers: Sanofi, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals
Locations: Argentina, Brazil, Canada, Chile, France, Germany, Israel, Italy, Japan, Russian Federation, Spain
Clinical Trial IDs: NCT04327388 (Phase III); NCT04386239 (Phase 1)
Description: Kevzara is currently approved in multiple countries to treat adults with moderately to severely active rheumatoid arthritis who have not responded to or tolerated previous therapy. Kevzara is a fully-human mAB that inhibits the interleukin-6 (IL-6) pathway by binding and blocking the IL-6 receptor. IL-6 may play a role in driving the overactive inflammatory response in the lungs of patients who are severely or critically ill with COVID-19 infection. The role of IL-6 is supported by preliminary data from a single-arm study in China using another IL-6 receptor inhibitor.
U.S. Phase 3 trial of Kevzara (sarilumab) 400 mg in COVID-19 patients requiring mechanical ventilation did not meet its primary and key secondary endpoints when Kevzara was added to best supportive care compared to best supportive care alone (placebo). Minor positive trends were observed in the primary pre-specified analysis group (critical patients on Kevzara 400 mg who were mechanically ventilated at baseline) that did not reach statistical significance and these were countered by negative trends in a subgroup of critical patients who were not mechanically ventilated at baseline. A separate Sanofi-led trial outside of the U.S. in hospitalized patients with severe and critical COVID-19 using a different dosing regimen is ongoing.
Status: On September 1, Sanofi announced that the global Phase 3 trial investigating intravenously administered Kevzara® (sarilumab) at a dose of 200 mg or 400 mg in severely or critically ill patients hospitalized with COVID-19 did not meet its primary endpoint and key secondary endpoint when Kevzara was compared to placebo added to usual hospital care. The 420-patient randomized trial was conducted outside the U.S. in Argentina, Brazil, Canada, Chile, France, Germany, Israel, Italy, Japan, Russia and Spain (86 in placebo, 161 in 200 mg, and 173 in 400 mg arms).
References:
- Publication: COVID‐19 pneumonia treated with Sarilumab: A clinical series of eight patients. J Med Virol (06/16/20).
- Preprint: Sarilumab use in severe SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia. medrxiv (05/18/20).
- Press Release: Sanofi provides update on Kevzara® (sarilumab) Phase 3 trial in severe and critically ill COVID-19 patients outside the U.S. Sanofi (09/01/20).
Updated: 05 April, 2021.
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- Impact of Remdesivir on 28 Day Mortality in Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19 – February 2021 Meta-Analysis [Link] (03/10/21)
- The in-vitro effect of famotidine on sars-cov-2 proteases and virus replication [Link] (03/10/21)
- Ridgeback Biotherapeutics and Merck (MSD) Announce Preliminary Findings from a Phase 2a Trial of Investigational COVID-19 Therapeutic Molnupiravir [Link] (03/10/21)
- RECOVERY trial closes recruitment to colchicine treatment for patients hospitalised with COVID-19 [Link] (03/10/21)
- Camostat mesylate inhibits SARS-CoV-2 activation by TMPRSS2-related proteases and its metabolite GBPA exerts antiviral activity [Link] (03/10/21)
- Effect of Ivermectin on Time to Resolution of Symptoms Among Adults With Mild COVID-19 [Link] (03/10/21)
- Clinical evidence of an interferon-glucocorticoid therapeutic synergy in COVID-19 [Link] (03/10/21)
- Sorrento Receives US FDA Clearance to Proceed With Phase 1 Study for STI-2099 (Intranasal COVIDROPS) in Healthy Volunteers and Outpatient Treatment for Newly Diagnosed COVID-19 Positive Patients [Link] (03/10/21)
- The study of antiviral drugs targeting SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid and spike proteins through large-scale compound repurposing [Link] (03/03/21)
- The drug Leukine promotes lung function and immune system in hospitalized COVID-19 patients [Link] (03/03/21)
- A Shorter Symptom-Onset to Remdesivir Treatment (SORT) Interval Is Associated with a Lower Mortality in Moderate-to-Severe COVID-19: A Real-World Analysis [Link] (03/03/21)
- Oral Hsp90 inhibitor, SNX-5422, attenuates SARS-CoV-2 replication and dampens inflammation in airway cells [Link] (03/03/21)
- Simultaneous Inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 Entry Pathways by Cyclosporine [Link] (03/03/21)
- A comparative analysis of SARS-CoV-2 antivirals characterizes 3CLpro inhibitor PF-00835231 as a potential new treatment for COVID-19 [Link] (03/03/21)
- WHO panel advises against hydroxychloroquine to prevent COVID-19 [Link] (03/03/21)
Select strategies are detailed in the section below:
Candidate: Remdesivir (Veklury, GS-5734)
Sponsors/Developers: Gilead Sciences, Inc.
Location: United States
Clinical Trial IDs: NCT04501952 (Outpatient Setting, Phase 3), NCT04431453 (CARAVAN, < 18 Years, Phase 2/3), NCT04292899 (Severe COVID-19, Phase 3), NCT04292730 (Moderate COVID-19, Phase 3), NCT04323761 (expanded access)
Description: The broad-spectrum antiviral agent Remdesivir (GS-5734; Gilead Sciences, Inc) is a nucleotide analog prodrug. The US FDA issued EUA of remdesivir to allow emergency use in children and hospitalized adults. The findings from the NIAID trial of remdesivir in hospitalized patients with advanced COVID-19 have been published in a peer-reviewed medical journal. These findings support the use of remdesivir in this population, with the largest benefit observed among individuals who required oxygen supplementation but were not mechanically ventilated. The open-label phase 3 SIMPLE trial (n = 397) in hospitalized patients with severe COVID-19 disease not requiring mechanical ventilation showed similar improvement in clinical status with the 5-day remdesivir regimen compared with the 10-day regimen on day 14 (OR=0.75). The first published report concerning remdesivir compassionate use described clinical improvement in 36 of 53 hospitalized patients (68%) with severe COVID-19. At baseline, 30 patients (57%) were receiving ventilation and 4 (8%) extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO).
Coordinating closely with the U.S. FDA, Gilead has designed and will soon begin enrollment of an open-label, single-arm Phase 2/3 clinical trial that will evaluate the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics and efficacy of remdesivir in treating approximately 50 pediatric patients with moderate-to-severe COVID-19, including newborns through adolescents. This important trial will be conducted at more than 30 sites in the United States and Europe (Trial ID: NCT04431453).
On July 10, 2020 Gilead presented additional data -Remdesivir was associated with an improvement in clinical recovery and a 62% reduction in the risk of mortality compared with standard of care – an important finding that requires confirmation in prospective clinical trials. Traditionally marginalized racial/ethnic groups treated with Remdesivir had similar clinical outcomes as overall patient population. Compassionate use program, which demonstrated that 83% of pediatric patients (n=77) and 92% of pregnant and postpartum women (n=86) with a broad spectrum of disease severity recovered by Day 28. To further the understanding of these results in individual patient cases, Gilead recently announced the initiation of a global, open-label Phase 2/3 trial to evaluate the safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics of remdesivir in pediatric patients from birth to less than 18 years of age. Gilead is also collaborating on a study for pregnant women.
Gilead announced on 28 August that the U.S. FDA expanded the Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) enabling use of the investigational antiviral Veklury (remdesivir) to treat all hospitalized patients with COVID-19, in addition to the previous authorization for patients hospitalized with severe COVID-19. The expanded EUA is based on results from the Phase 3 SIMPLE trial evaluating Veklury in hospitalized patients with moderate COVID-19 pneumonia, as well as results from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) ACTT-1 trial in hospitalized patients with a range of disease severity.
Final results of the ACTT trial, presented in top-line form back in April, confirm that in patients hospitalized with COVID-19, remdesivir shortened the time to recovery from 15 days to 10 days compared with placebo. Mortality at days 15 and 29 was numerically lower with remdesivir.
On November 5, 2021, A randomized, open-label, phase 3 trial of remdesivir in hospitalized patients who did not require mechanical ventilation showed that there was no significant difference between a 5-day versus a 10-day course of treatment on the outcome of clinical status on a 7-point scale at day 14 in patients with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection. The authors note that there was no placebo control group in this study, and therefore the magnitude of benefit cannot be determined (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT04292899).
On November 20, 2021, WHO has issued a conditional recommendation against the use of remdesivir in hospitalized patients, regardless of disease severity, as there is currently no evidence that remdesivir improves survival and other outcomes in these patients.
On November 20, 2021, FDA’s approval of remdesivir (Veklury) was supported by the agency’s independent, in-depth analysis of data from three randomized, controlled clinical trials that included patients hospitalized with mild-to-severe COVID-19. This included the ACTT-1 trial sponsored by National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease (NIAID) and the “SIMPLE” trials (GS-US-540-5774 and GS-US-540-5773) sponsored by Gilead Sciences Inc. The most compelling evidence of effectiveness was provided by the NIAID-sponsored ACTT-1 trial, with its rigorous trial design.
Status: The US National Institutes of Health has announced it will study the use of the antiviral remdesivir in pregnant women with COVID-19. There is an “urgent need” to address the safety and efficacy of treatments in pregnant women. For now, the drug is approved for use in adults and children over age 12, but it has not specifically been approved in pregnancy; providers can prescribe the drug if they believe it may be of benefit.
On February 26, 2021, In a retrospective analysis of patients with moderate-to-severe COVID-19 in India (n=346), patients receiving remdesivir 9 days or less after symptom onset had significantly lower all-cause mortality compared to those who received it after 9 days (18% vs 34%). Odds of death were reduced by 37% among patients receiving remdesivir <=9 days post-symptom onset compared to those receiving it after 9 days, as published in a peer-reviewed medical journal.
References:
- Publication: Remdesivir for the Treatment of Covid-19 – Preliminary Report. NEJM (05/22/20).
- Publication: Remdesivir for 5 or 10 Days in Patients with Severe Covid-19. NEJM (05/27/20).
- Publication: Clinical benefit of remdesivir in rhesus macaques infected with SARS-CoV-2. Nature (06/09/20).
- Publication: Structural basis for inhibition of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase from SARS-CoV-2 by remdesivir. Science (06/26/20).
- Publication: Compassionate Use of Remdesivir for Patients with Severe Covid-19. NEJM (06/11/20).
- Press Release: Gilead Presents Additional Data on Investigational Antiviral Remdesivir for the Treatment of COVID-19. Gilead (07/10/20).
- Press Release: Gilead’s Investigational Antiviral Veklury (Remdesivir) Receives U.S. Food and Drug Administration Emergency Use Authorization for the Treatment of Patients With Moderate COVID-19. Gilead (08/28/20).
- Publication: Remdesivir for the Treatment of Covid-19 – Final Report. NEJM (10/08/20).
- Press Release: Remdesivir (Veklury) Approval for the Treatment of COVID-19-The Evidence for Safety and Efficacy. FDA (11/25/20).
- Press Release: NIH funds study to evaluate remdesivir for COVID-19 in pregnancy. NIH (02/17/21).
- Publication: A Shorter Symptom-Onset to Remdesivir Treatment (SORT) Interval Is Associated with a Lower Mortality in Moderate-to-Severe COVID-19: A Real-World Analysis.. International Journal of Infectious Diseases. (02/26/21).
Candidate: Favipiravir (Avigan).
Sponsors/Developers: FUJIFILM Toyama Chemical Co., Ltd.
Location: United States, Japan, China, Middle East and other countries
Clinical Trial IDs: NCT04358549 (Phase 2), NCT04373733 (Phase 3)
Description: Favipiravir is an oral antiviral approved for the treatment of influenza in Japan. It selectively inhibits RNA polymerase, which is necessary for viral replication. Japan has commenced with a phase 3 clinical trial. In the United States, a phase 2 trial will enroll approximately 50 patients with COVID-19, in collaboration with Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Massachusetts General Hospital, and the University of Massachusetts Medical School. In India, a phase 3 trial combining 2 antiviral agents, favipiravir and umifenovir, started in May 2020.
Fujifilm will team up with India’s Dr. Reddy’s Laboratories to run a 1,000-person trial on flu med Avigan in coronavirus patients in Kuwait. The trial was originally slated to run in Japan, but low patient enrollment forced Fujifilm to relocate. In early July, Fujifilm granted Dr. Reddy’s a license to produce and sell Avigan as a potential COVID-19 treatment overseas in partnership with Global Response Aid.
Indian firm Glenmark’s open-label randomized, multicenter clinical trial conducted in 150 patients, evaluated the efficacy and safety of Favipiravir plus standard supportive care versus standard supportive care alone in mild to moderate patients, randomized within a 48 h window of testing RT-PCR positive for COVID-19. Results from the Phase 3 trial showed numerical improvements for the primary efficacy endpoint with 28.6% faster viral clearance in the overall population as measured by the median time until cessation of oral shedding of virus in the Favipiravir treatment arm compared to those in the control arm (Hazard Ratio 1.367 [95%CI 0.944,1.979]; p=0.129). 40% faster achievement of “clinical cure” defined as the physician’s assessment with a statistically significant reduction in median time to clinical cure in the Favipiravir treatment arm (3 days vs. 5 days) [HR 1.749, p=0.029). No serious adverse events (SAEs) or deaths were observed.
FujiFilm, which has licensed GRA and Dr. Reddy’s to manufacture, distribute and sell the drug globally. Clinical trials of the drug have been conducted and are underway in the United States, Japan, China, the Middle East and other countries, where it is being used to reduce fevers and shorten recovery time in patients who receive Avigan in the early stages of infection with COVID-19. In July, the Central Drugs Standard Control Organisation of India’s Directorate General of Health Services approved Favipiravir for distribution, sale and use in treatment of COVID-19 patients.
FUJIFILM has announced that primary endpoint has been met in phase III clinical trial of “Avigan Tablet” conducted in Japan. The efficacy primary endpoint is time to negative conversion of detectable SARS-CoV 2 viral RNA in the RT-PCR assays, and to alleviation of symptoms (body temperature, oxygen saturation and chest images). FUJIFILM began a phase III clinical trial of Avigan in Japan in March 2020, for COVID-19 patients with non-severe pneumonia – a randomized, placebo-controlled, single-blind comparative study, to evaluate the efficacy and safety of Avigan. The median value of primary endpoints, using 156 individuals as analysis targets, were 11.9 days for the Avigan group and 14.7 days for the placebo group.
In a randomized, open-label, parallel-arm, multicenter, Phase 3 trial, adults (18-75 years) with RT-PCR-confirmed COVID-19 and mild-to-moderate symptoms (including asymptomatic) were randomized 1:1 to oral favipiravir (n=75) or control (n=75). Median time to cessation of viral shedding was 5 days versus 7 days, and median time to clinical cure was 3 days versus 5 days, for favipiravir and control, respectively. Adverse events were observed in 36% of favipiravir and 8% of control patients. Favipiravir may be a safe and effective treatment in mild-to-moderate COVID-19.
Appili Therapeutics Inc, announced that its Phase 3 PRESECO (PREventing SEvere COvid-19) clinical trial is actively recruiting participants in 12 out of 20 planned sites in the United States and company believes that it will reach the enrollment threshold required to provide an interim data readout by late March 2021. PRESECO is evaluating favipiravir, an oral antiviral, in the early treatment of COVID-19 in the outpatient setting.
Status: On February 17, 2021, A meta-analysis published in preprint revealed a significant clinical improvement in the Favipiravir group versus the control group during seven days after hospitalization (RR=1.24; P=0.001). Viral clearance was more in 14 days after hospitalization in the Favipiravir group than in the control group, but this finding marginally not significant (RR=1.11; P=0.094). Requiring supplemental oxygen therapy in the Favipiravir group was 7% less than the control group, (RR=0.93; P=0.664).
On March 23, 2021, A multicenter randomized open-labeled clinical trial found that adding Favipiravir to the treatment protocol for in patients with moderate to severe SARS-CoV-2 infection did not reduce the number of ICU admissions or intubations or In-hospital mortality compared to Lopinavir/Ritonavir regimen. It also did not shorten time to clinical recovery or length of hospital stay.
References:
- Press Release: Fujifilm announces the start of a phase III clinical trial of influenza antiviral drug “Avigan Tablet” on COVID-19 and commits to increasing production. FUJIFILM (03/31/20).
- Press Release: Fujifilm announces the start of a phase II clinical trial of its influenza antiviral drug “Avigan Tablet” for COVID-19 patients in the U.S. FUJIFILM (04/09/20).
- News: Fujifilm to begin clinical trials testing Avigan in COVID-19 patients in Kuwait. Pharmafile (07/21/20).
- Press Release: Glenmark Announces Top-Line Results From Phase 3 Clinical Trial of Favipiravir in Patients with Mild to Moderate COVID-19. Glenmark (07/22/20).
- News: India Approves Avigan (Favipiravir) For COVID-19 Treatment. Business World (08/20/20).
- Press Release: Anti-influenza drug Avigan Tablet Meets Primary Endpoint in Phase III Clinical Trial in Japan for COVID-19 patients. FUJIFILM (09/23/20).
- Publication: Efficacy and Safety of Favipiravir, an Oral RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase Inhibitor, in Mild-to-Moderate COVID-19: A Randomized, Comparative, Open-Label, Multicenter, Phase 3 Clinical Trial. (11/16/20).
- Press Release: Appili Therapeutics Provides Enrollment Update for Its Phase 3 PRESECO Trial Evaluating the Oral Antiviral Favipiravir as an Early Treatment in COVID-19. Biospace (01/28/21).
- Publication: The Efficacy and Safety of Favipiravir in Treatment of COVID-19 A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Clinical Trials. (02/17/21).
- Publication: Safety and efficacy of Favipiravir in moderate to severe SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia. International Immunopharmacology (03/23/21).
Remdesivir is the only Food and Drug Administration-approved drug for the treatment of COVID-19. In this section, the COVID-19 Treatment Guidelines Panel (the Panel) provides recommendations for using antiviral drugs to treat COVID-19 based on the available data. As in the management of any disease, treatment decisions ultimately reside with the patient and their health care provider.
Remdesivir – It is recommended for use in hospitalized patients who require supplemental oxygen. However, it is not routinely recommended for patients who require mechanical ventilation due to the lack of data showing benefit at this advanced stage of the disease.
The Panel recommends against the use of chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine with or without azithromycin for the treatment of COVID-19 in hospitalized patients and nonhospitalized patients.
The Panel recommends against the use of lopinavir/ritonavir and other HIV protease inhibitors for the treatment of COVID-19 in hospitalized patients and nonhospitalized patients.
Ivermectin- There are insufficient data for the Panel to recommend either for or against the use of ivermectin for the treatment of COVID-19. Results from adequately powered, well-designed, and well-conducted clinical trials are needed to provide more specific, evidence-based guidance on the role of ivermectin in the treatment of COVID-19.
References:
Candidate: EIDD-2801 (Molnupiravir)
Sponsors/Developers: Ridgeback Biotherapeutics, LP., Merck (MSD).
Location: United States, United Kingdom
Clinical Trial IDs: NCT04392219 (Phase 1), NCT04405739 (Phase 2), NCT04405570 (Phase 2)
Description: EIDD-2801 is an investigational, orally-bioavailable form of a potent ribonucleoside analog that inhibits the replication of multiple RNA viruses including SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of COVID-19. In animal studies of two distinct coronaviruses (SARS-CoV-1 and MERS), EIDD-2801 has been shown to improve pulmonary function, decrease body-weight loss and reduce the amount of virus in the lung. EIDD-2801 was invented at Drug Innovations at Emory (DRIVE), LLC, a not-for-profit biotechnology company wholly owned by Emory University.
Under the agreement, announced on May 26, 2020, Merck (MSD), through a subsidiary, has acquired exclusive worldwide rights to develop EIDD-2801 and related molecules in collaboration with Ridgeback. Ridgeback will continue to fund and conduct multiple Ridgeback-sponsored Phase 1 and 2 trials and fund manufacturing campaigns for clinical supply. Going forward, the parties will collaborate on clinical development for COVID-19 and manufacturing, to be led by Merck. Consistent with the shared history and commitment to addressing global unmet needs in grievous illness, Merck and Ridgeback also plan to explore the potential for EIDD-2801 in other severe acute viral diseases, such as Ebola.
Ridgeback Biotherapeutics announces the launch of two Phase 2 clinical trials to test the efficacy of EIDD-2801 as an anti-viral treatment for COVID-19. Phase 1 trials recently determined that EIDD-2801 is safe in human doses that provide blood levels well above levels that animal models suggest should be effective against SARS-CoV-2, the virus which causes COVID-19. EIDD-2801 will be administered to patients 18 years old and over in two studies: Study 2003 will enroll recently symptomatic, newly diagnosed patients in a home, or out of hospital, setting; Study 2004 will enroll hospitalized patients with COVID-19.
Study published in nature on December 3, 2020, shows that the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection with a new antiviral drug, MK-4482/EIDD-2801 or Molnupiravir, completely suppresses virus transmission within 24 hours, researchers in the Institute for Biomedical Sciences at Georgia State University have discovered. Team repurposed MK-4482/EIDD-2801 against SARS-CoV-2 and used a ferret model to test the effect of the drug on halting virus spread. If these ferret-based data translate to humans, COVID-19 patients treated with the drug could become non-infectious within 24 hours after the beginning of treatment.
Study published in nature on February 9, 2021, show that therapeutic and prophylactic administration of EIDD-2801, an oral broad-spectrum antiviral currently in phase II–III clinical trials, dramatically inhibited SARS-CoV-2 replication in vivo and thus has significant potential for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19.
Status: On Marchc 6, 2021, MSD and Ridgeback Biotherapeutics announced preliminary results from Ridgeback’s Phase 2a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to evaluate the safety, tolerability, and efficacy to eliminate SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA of molnupiravir (EIDD-2801/MK-4482), an investigational oral antiviral agent. The companies today reported findings on one secondary objective from the Phase 2a study, showing a reduction in time (days) to negativity of infectious virus isolation in nasopharyngeal swabs from participants with symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection, as determined by isolation in Vero cell line culture. This multi-center U.S. Phase 2a study enrolled 202 non-hospitalized adults who had signs or symptoms of COVID-19 within 7 days and confirmed active SARS-CoV-2 infection. At day 5, there was a reduction (nominal p=0.001, not controlled for multiplicity) in positive viral culture in subjects who received molnupiravir (all doses) compared to placebo: 0% (0/47) for molnupiravir and 24% (6/25) for placebo. No safety signals have been identified and of the 4 serious adverse events reported, none were considered to be study drug related.
References:
- Press Release: Ridgeback Biotherapeutics Announces Potential COVID-19 Treatment EIDD-2801 Will Leverage Innovative Testing Platform AGILE for Phase 2 Trial. BusinessWire (07/07/20).
- Press Release: Ridgeback Biotherapeutics Announces Launch of Phase 2 Trials Testing EIDD-2801 as Potential Treatment. Ridgeback Biotherapeutics (06/19/20).
- Press Release: Merck and Ridgeback Bio Announce Closing of Collaboration and Licensing Transaction. BusinessWire (07/01/20).
- Publication: Therapeutically administered ribonucleoside analogue MK-4482/EIDD-2801 blocks SARS-CoV-2 transmission in ferrets. Nature (12/03/20).
- Publication: SARS-CoV-2 infection is effectively treated and prevented by EIDD-2801. Nature (02/09/21).
- Press Release: Ridgeback Biotherapeutics and Merck (MSD) Announce Preliminary Findings from a Phase 2a Trial of Investigational COVID-19 Therapeutic Molnupiravir. MSD (03/06/21).
Candidate: Lopinavir/Ritonavir (Kaletra)
Sponsors/Developers: Multiple clinical trials
Location: Multiple locations
Clinical Trial IDs: NCT04330690 (Phase 2), Chinese Clinical Trial Register number ChiCTR2000029308
Description: Lopinavir/ritonavir is an inhibitor of severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV) 3CLpro in vitro, and this protease appears to be highly conserved in SARS-CoV-2. Although lopinavir/ritonavir has in vitro activity against SARS-CoV, it is thought to have a poor selectivity index, indicating that higher than tolerable levels of the drug might be required to achieve meaningful inhibition in vivo.
In a study published in NEJM on 5July 2020, treatment was not associated with a difference from standard care in the time to clinical improvement. A total of 199 patients with laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection participated in this randomized, controlled, open-label trial; 99 were assigned to the lopinavir-ritonavir group, and 100 to the standard-care group. Mortality at 28 days was similar in the lopinavir–ritonavir group and the standard-care group. Treatment was stopped early in 13 patients (13.8%) because of adverse events.
WHO on July 04, 2020, accepted the recommendation from the Solidarity Trial’s International Steering Committee to discontinue the trial’s hydroxychloroquine and lopinavir/ritonavir arms. The Solidarity Trial was established by WHO to find an effective COVID-19 treatment for hospitalized patients.
The COVID-19 Treatment Guidelines Panel recommends against using lopinavir/ritonavir or other HIV protease inhibitors for the treatment of COVID-19, except in a clinical trial. The pharmacodynamics of lopinavir/ritonavir raise concerns about whether it is possible to achieve drug concentrations that can inhibit the SARS-CoV-2 proteases. In addition, lopinavir/ritonavir did not show efficacy in a moderately sized randomized controlled trial in patients with COVID-19.
Result of an Exploratory Randomized Controlled Trial on efficacy and safety of Lopinavir/Ritonavir or Arbidol in Adult Patients with Mild/Moderate COVID-19 was published in Med on December 18, 2021. Lopinavir/Ritonavir showed little benefit for improving the clinical outcome of patients hospitalized with mild/moderate COVID-19 over supportive care.
Status: On February 9, 2021, A result published for multicenter clinical study in Indonesia showed that, the administration of lopinavir/ritonavir-doxycycline, lopinavir/ritonavir-azithromycin, and azithromycin-hydroxychloroquine as a dual drug combination produced a significantly rapid PCR conversion rate to negative in three-day treatment of mild to moderate COVID-19 cases.
References:
- Publication: A Trial of Lopinavir–Ritonavir in Adults Hospitalized with Severe Covid-19. NEJM (05/07/20).
- News Release: WHO discontinues hydroxychloroquine and lopinavir/ritonavir treatment arms for COVID-19. WHO (07/04/20).
- NIH guidelines: Lopinavir/Ritonavir and Other HIV Protease Inhibitors. NIH (07/17/20).
- Publication: Efficacy and Safety of Lopinavir/Ritonavir or Arbidol in Adult Patients with Mild/Moderate COVID-19: An Exploratory Randomized Controlled Trial. Med (12/18/20).
- Publication: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Multicenter Clinical Study Comparing the Efficacy and Safety of a Drug Combination of Lopinavir/Ritonavir-Azithromycin, Lopinavir/Ritonavir-Doxycycline, and Azithromycin-Hydroxychloroquine for Patients Diagnosed with Mild to Moderate COVID-19 Infections. BioChem (02/09/21).
Candidate: Ivermectin
Sponsors/Developers: Multiple developers.
Location: Multiple locations.
Clinical Trial IDs: NCT04422561, NCT04343092, NCT04425863 and several others.
Description: Ivermectin is a Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved antiparasitic drug that is used to treat several neglected tropical diseases, including onchocerciasis, helminthiases, and scabies. It is also being evaluated for its potential to reduce the rate of malaria transmission by killing mosquitoes that feed on treated humans and livestock. For these indications, ivermectin has been widely used and has demonstrated an excellent safety profile. Ivermectin acts by inhibiting the host importin alpha/beta-1 nuclear transport proteins, which are part of a key intracellular transport process that viruses hijack to enhance infection by suppressing the host antiviral response. Ivermectin is therefore a host-directed agent, which is likely the basis for its broad-spectrum activity in vitro against the viruses that cause dengue, Zika, HIV, and yellow fever.
In the ICON (Ivermectin in COvid Nineteen) study, a retrospective cohort study of 280 consecutive hospitalized patients, Ivermectin was associated with lower mortality during treatment of COVID-19, especially in patients who required higher inspired oxygen or ventilatory support. These findings should be further evaluated with randomized controlled trials.
Add-on use of Ivermectin to hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin had better effectiveness, shorter hospital stay, and relatively safe compared with controls. however, a larger prospective study with longer follow up may be needed to validate these results.
An experimental treatment called IDEA based on four affordable drugs (ivermectin, dexamethasone, enoxaparin and aspirin ) already available on the market in Argentina showed promising results.
The COVID-19 Treatment Guidelines Panel recommends against the use of ivermectin for the treatment of COVID-19, except in a clinical trial.
Status: In a recent publication with 89 high-risk patients receiving ivermectin, the ivermectin treated patients became SARS-CoV-2 negative more quickly and fewer treated patients developed respiratory distress. Ivermectin-treated COVID-19 patients also had shorter hospital stays and was associated with a lower mortality rate in COVID-19 patients.
A french clinical-stage pharmaceutical firm MedinCell has commenced the first clinical trial of its Covid-19 prevention programme. The randomised, double-blind, exploratory phase I trial A has been designed to evaluate the pharmacokinetic profile, safety and tolerability of a continuous daily dosing regimen of Ivermectin in healthy volunteers.
According to the COVID-19 Treatment Guidelines Panel, there are insufficient data for the COVID-19 Treatment Guidelines Panel to recommend either for or against the use of ivermectin for the treatment of COVID-19. Results from adequately powered, well-designed, and well-conducted clinical trials are needed to provide more specific, evidence-based guidance on the role of ivermectin in the treatment of COVID-19.
The effect of an early treatment with ivermectin on viral load, symptoms and humoral response in patients with non-severe COVID-19 was published on January 19, 2021. A pilot, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial was conducted with patients with non-severe COVID-19. Among patients with non-severe COVID-19 and no risk factors for severe disease receiving a single 400 mcg/kg dose of ivermectin within 72 h of fever or cough onset there was no difference in the proportion of PCR positives. There was however a marked reduction of self-reported anosmia/hyposmia, a reduction of cough and a tendency to lower viral loads and lower IgG titers.
Merck affirmed its position regarding use of ivermectin. They note that, to-date, analysis has identified: No scientific basis for a potential therapeutic effect against COVID-19 from pre-clinical studies; No meaningful evidence for clinical activity or clinical efficacy in patients with COVID-19 disease, and; A concerning lack of safety data in the majority of studies.
In a randomized clinical trial among patients with symptomatic, laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection (n=400), a 5-day course of ivermectin did not significantly improve the time to symptom resolution compared with placebo (10 vs 12 days, HR=1.07, 95%CI: 0.87-1.32). Fifteen (7.5%) patients in the ivermectin group versus 5 (2.5%) in the placebo group discontinued treatment due to an adverse event.
On March 21, 2021, EMA has reviewed the latest evidence on the use of ivermectin for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19 and concluded that the available data do not support its use for COVID-19 outside well-designed clinical trials. Ivermectin medicines are not authorised for use in COVID-19 in the EU, and EMA has not received any application for such use.
References:
- Publication: The FDA-approved drug ivermectin inhibits the replication of SARS-CoV-2 in vitro. Antiviral Research (04/03/20).
- NIH guidelines: NIH COVID-19 treatment guidelines. NIH (Last accessed 08/27/20).
- Preprint: Effectiveness of Ivermectin as add-on Therapy in COVID-19 Management (Pilot Trial). medRxiv (07/08/20).
- Preprint: ICON (Ivermectin in COvid Nineteen) study: Use of Ivermectin is Associated with Lower Mortality in Hospitalized Patients with COVID19. medRxiv (06/10/20).
- Preprint: Safety and Efficacy of the combined use of ivermectin, dexamethasone, enoxaparin and aspirin against COVID-19. medRxiv (09/15/20).
- Publication: Ivermectin treatment may improve the prognosis of patients with COVID-19. ScienceDirect (09/24/20).
- Press Release: MedinCell initiates the first clinical trial of its Covid-19 prevention program(09/29/20).
- Publication: The effect of early treatment with ivermectin on viral load, symptoms and humoral response in patients with non-severe COVID-19: A pilot, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial. EClinicalMedicine (01/19/21).
- NIH guidelines: NIH COVID-19 treatment guidelines. NIH (Last accessed 03/18/21).
- Press Release: Merck (MSD) Statement on Ivermectin use During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Merck (MSD) (02/04/21).
- Publication: Effect of Ivermectin on Time to Resolution of Symptoms Among Adults With Mild COVID-19. Jama (03/04/21).
- Press Release: EMA advises against use of ivermectin for the prevention or treatment of COVID-19 outside randomised clinical trials. EMA (03/22/21).
Candidate: Lopinavir-Ritonavir
Developers: University of Oxford
Locations: United Kingdom
Clinical Trial IDs: NCT04381936 – Randomised Evaluation of COVID-19 Therapy (RECOVERY)
Description: Lopinavir–ritonavir has been proposed as a treatment for COVID-19 on the basis of in vitro activity, preclinical studies, and observational studies. Lopinavir is a HIV-1 protease inhibitor, which is combined with ritonavir to increase its plasma half-life. Lopinavir is also an inhibitor of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) main protease, which is critical for replication and appears to be highly conserved in SARS-CoV-2.
A previous randomised trial of lopinavir–ritonavir among 199 patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 showed no improvement in viral load, duration of hospital stays, or mortality. The trial was too small to rule out the possibility of clinically relevant benefits and commentators recommended larger randomised trials to confirm or refute the lack of effect. RECOVERY trial is a randomised trial to assess whether lopinavir–ritonavir improves clinical outcomes in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19.
Status: Full results of the lopinavir/ritonavir arm of the randomized, controlled, open-label RECOVERY trial has now been published in the Lancet. Top-line results released at the end of June concluded that there was no benefit to the medication, which is approved for use in HIV and had showed promise in vitro against SARS-CoV-2. Among more than 1,600 patients randomized to lopinavir/ritonavir and over 3,400 patients randomized to usual care, investigators saw no differences in death at 28 days across all subgroups, and no difference in time to hospital discharge or progression to mechanical ventilation or death. “Whilst it is disappointing that there was no significant benefit from lopinavir/ritonavir for patients in hospital, these findings have allowed us to focus our efforts on other promising treatments, and have informed the way in which individual patients are treated,” RECOVERY co-chief investigator Peter Horby, MBBS, PhD, said in a press statement. Of note, no signal of increased arrhythmia was seen with this combination agent.
References:
- Publication: A Trial of Lopinavir–Ritonavir in Adults Hospitalized with Severe Covid-19. NEJM (05/07/20).
- News: No clinical benefit from use of lopinavir-ritonavir in hospitalised COVID-19 patients studied in RECOVERY. University of Oxford (06/29/20).
- Publication: Lopinavir–ritonavir in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 (RECOVERY): a randomised, controlled, open-label, platform trial. The Lancet (10/05/20).
Updated: 05 April, 2021.
- Potential COVID-19 treatment identified in UCLA-led lab study [Link] (04/05/21)
- The role of antirheumatics in patients with COVID-19 [Link] (04/05/21)
- TOP1 inhibition therapy protects against SARS-CoV-2-induced lethal inflammation [Link] (04/05/21)
- Algernon Pharmaceuticals Announces Topline Data From its Phase 2b/3 COVID-19 Trial of Ifenprodil [Link] (04/05/21)
- Kamada Announces Top-line Results from its Phase 1/2 Clinical Trial of its Plasma-Derived Hyperimmune Globulin (IgG) Treatment for Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) [Link] (04/05/21)
- Antimicrobial peptide DP7 with potential activity against SARS coronavirus infections [Link] (04/05/21)
- Ascorbic Acid as an Adjunctive Therapy in Critically Ill Patients with COVID-19: A Multicenter Propensity Score Matched Study [Link] (04/05/21)
- Impact of corticosteroids in hospitalised COVID-19 patients [Link] (04/05/21)
- Design and Identification of Novel Annomontine Analogues Against SARS-CoV-2: An In-Silico Approach [Link] (04/05/21)
- Emergent BioSolutions Announces Topline Data from NIAID Phase 3 ITAC Trial (INSIGHT-013) Evaluating Immunoglobulins as a Treatment for Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19 [Link] (04/05/21)
- NeuroRx Announces ZYESAMI (aviptadil, RLF-100) Met the Primary Endpoint of Its Phase 2b/3 Clinical Trial and Also Demonstrated a Meaningful Benefit in Survival from Critical COVID-19 [Link] (03/30/21)
- The PROTECT-V trial investigating UNIONs COVID-19 candidate receives Urgent Public Health Prioritization from the UK government [Link] (03/30/21)
- Cynata to expand recruitment criteria in Covid-19 treatment trial [Link] (03/30/21)
- Identification of antiviral antihistamines for COVID-19 repurposing [Link] (03/30/21)
- Targeting the Microbiome With KB109 in Outpatients with Mild to Moderate COVID-19 Reduced Medically Attended Acute Care Visits and Improved Symptom Duration in Patients With Comorbidities [Link] (03/30/21)
- Foresee Pharmaceuticals Announces Dosing of First Patient in Phase 2/3 Clinical Trial of FP-025 for Treatment of COVID-19 Associated ARDS [Link] (03/30/21)
- Aptabio to initiate Phase II oral Covid-19 therapy trial [Link] (03/30/21)
- Angion Completes Enrollment in Phase 2 Study of ANG-3777 for Acute Lung Injury in Patients with COVID-19 Associated Pneumonia [Link] (03/30/21)
- Sorrento Announces Updated Positive Results of Phase 1b Study of COVI-MSC for Treatment of ICU COVID-19 Patients [Link] (03/30/21)
- Revive Therapeutics Provides Update on FDA Phase 3 Clinical Trial for Bucillamine in COVID-19 [Link] (03/30/21)
- The Effect of Famotidine on Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis [Link] (03/30/21)
- Alpha-1 blockers and susceptibility to COVID-19 in benign prostate hyperplasia patients : an international cohort study [Link] (03/30/21)
- Antidepressant and antipsychotic drugs reduce viral infection by SARS-CoV-2 and fluoxetine show antiviral activity against the novel variants in vitro [Link] (03/30/21)
- BioAge begins trial of oral inhibitor to treat Covid-19 patients [Link] (03/30/21)
- Hoth Therapeutics Announces Positive Preclinical Results for Novel COVID-19 Therapeutic [Link] (03/30/21)
- Anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody responses are attenuated in patients with IBD treated with infliximab [Link] (03/30/21)
- Identification of bis-benzylisoquinoline alkaloids as SARS-CoV-2 entry inhibitors from a library of natural products [Link] (03/23/21)
- RedHill Biopharma Announces Compassionate Use Treatment with Opaganib of first COVID-19 Patients in Switzerland [Link] (03/23/21)
- Incyte’s Covid-19 associated ARDS study fails to meet primary endpoint [Link] (03/23/21)
- Medolife Rx reports positive data from Covid-19 drug candidate study [Link] (03/23/21)
- Repeated pulses of methyl-prednisolone in Adults Hospitalized with COVID-19 pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome: A preliminary before-after study (CortiCOVID study) [Link] (03/23/21)
- Reduced neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 variants by convalescent plasma and hyperimmune intravenous immunoglobulins for treatment of COVID-19 [Link] (03/23/21)
- Progesterone therapy may improve clinical outcomes for male COVID-19 patients [Link] (03/23/21)
- Apabetalone’s Beneficial Effects on COVID-19 Published [Link] (03/23/21)
- New Study Presents Evidence of Effectiveness and Safety Of Oleandrin and Phoenix Biotechnology’s PBI-06150 Against SARS-CoV-2 [Link] (03/23/21)
- Clofazimine broadly inhibits coronaviruses including SARS-CoV-2 [Link] (03/17/21)
- BioAegis Therapeutics Completes Recruitment for Phase 2 Clinical Trial of Its Inflammation Regulator, Gelsolin, for COVID-19 Treatment [Link] (03/17/21)
- aTyr Pharma Announces Positive Biomarker Data from Phase 2 Clinical Trial of ATYR1923 Demonstrating Anti-Inflammatory Effects in COVID-19 Patients with Severe Respiratory Complications [Link] (03/17/21)
- Adamis Pharmaceuticals Announces Tempol Reduces Lung Inflammation in the COVID-19 Challenged Hamster Model [Link] (03/17/21)
- UK Clinical Trial Confirms SaNOtize’s Breakthrough Treatment for COVID-19 [Link] (03/17/21)
- Quantum Leap Healthcare Collaborative Concludes Apremilast Not Likely to Reduce Time to Recovery or Mortality in Critically Ill Patients in I-SPY COVID Trial [Link] (03/17/21)
- Disulfiram associated with lower risk of Covid-19: a retrospective cohort study [Link] (03/17/21)
- Microbicidal actives with virucidal efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 and other beta- and alpha-coronaviruses and implications for future emerging coronaviruses and other enveloped viruses [Link] (03/17/21)
- Preclinical efficacy and safety analysis of gamma-irradiated inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidates [Link] (03/17/21)
- Kintor Pharmaceutical Announces Results from Investigator-Initiated Brazil Trial Demonstrating 92% Reduction in Mortality in Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients [Link] (03/17/21)
- Convalescent plasma in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 (RECOVERY): a randomised, controlled, open-label, platform trial [Link] (03/17/21)
- Machine Learning Model Predicts Innovation’s Brilacidin Highly Effective Against COVID-19 [Link] (03/17/21)
- EmitBio Treatment Broadly Effective Against Coronavirus Variants [Link] (03/17/21)
- In vitro characterization of engineered red blood cells as viral traps against HIV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 [Link] (03/17/21)
- Phase 2 randomized study on chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine or ivermectin in hospitalized patients with severe manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 infection [Link] (03/17/21)
- Molecular Partners and Novartis Report Positive Initial Results from Phase 1 Study of its COVID-19 Antiviral Therapy, Ensovibep, in Healthy Volunteers [Link] (03/10/21)
- Antihistamines and azithromycin as a treatment for COVID-19 on primary health care – A retrospective observational study in elderly patients [Link] (03/10/21)
- Cross-linking peptide and repurposed drugs inhibit both entry pathways of SARS-CoV-2 [Link] (03/10/21)
- AIM ImmunoTech Announces First Healthy Subjects Dosed in Phase 1 Intranasal Ampligen Clinical Study [Link] (03/10/21)
- Statement on NIH starting enrollment for third trial of blood clotting treatments for COVID-19 [Link] (03/10/21)
- Melior Pharmaceuticals Receives IND Clearance from US FDA for COVID-19 Therapeutic [Link] (03/10/21)
- Can-Fite BioPharma enrols first patient to study Covid-19 drug [Link] (03/10/21)
- Polyunsaturated omega-3 fatty acids inhibit ACE2-controlled SARS-CoV-2 binding and cellular entry [Link] (03/10/21)
- Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent use may not be associated with mortality of coronavirus disease 19 [Link] (03/10/21)
- Quantitative evaluation of SARS-CoV-2 inactivation using a deep ultraviolet light-emitting diode [Link] (03/10/21)
- Association of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin-receptor blockers with risk of mortality, severity or SARS-CoV-2 test positivity in COVID-19 patients: meta-analysis [Link] (03/10/21)
- NIH pauses Covid-19 convalescent plasma trial [Link] (03/10/21)
- Hoth Therapeutics Provides Update on Novel Peptide COVID-19 Therapeutic HT-002 Preclinical Studies [Link] (03/10/21)
- Altasciences Conducts Phase I Study in Healthy Normal Subjects for RLS-0071 for Treatment of Acute Lung Injury Due to COVID-19 Pneumonia [Link] (03/10/21)
- Blockade of SARS-CoV-2 infection in-vitro by highly potent PI3K-a/mTOR/BRD4 inhibitor [Link] (03/10/21)
- eXIthera Pharmaceuticals Announces FDA Acceptance of IND Application for Phase 2 Trial of EP-7041 for Thrombosis Prevention in COVID-19 Patients [Link] (03/10/21)
- Ultrapotent miniproteins targeting the receptor-binding domain protect against SARS-CoV-2 infection and disease in mice [Link] (03/10/21)
- Veru to progress Covid-19 drug into Phase III study [Link] (03/03/21)
- Chimerix, Exclusive Worldwide Licensee of Cantex’s Investigational Product, DSTAT, Has Announced Promising Topline Results from the First Cohort of a Randomized COVID-19 Clinical Trial [Link] (03/03/21)
- Revive Therapeutics Provides Update on FDA Phase 3 Clinical Trial for Bucillamine in COVID-19 with Planned Completion and Emergency Use Authorization Request [Link] (03/03/21)
- Innovation Pharma Provides Study Details for Ongoing Phase 2 Clinical Trial of Brilacidin in Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients [Link] (03/03/21)
- Atossa reports positive results from Covid-19 nasal spray study [Link] (03/03/21)
- Association of Convalescent Plasma Treatment With Clinical Outcomes in Patients With COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis [Link] (03/03/21)
- Dexamethasone in Hospitalized Patients with Covid-19 – Preliminary Report [Link] (03/03/21)
- Constant Therapeutics’ drug enters Phase II trial for Covid-19 in Israel [Link] (03/03/21)
- The use of aspirin for primary prevention of cardiovascular disease is associated with a lower likelihood of COVID‐19 infection [Link] (03/03/21)
- Impact of Pulse D Therapy on The Inflammatory Markers in Patients With COVID-19 [Link] (03/03/21)
Select strategies are detailed in the section below:
Candidate: OLUMIANT (Baricitinib, LY3009104).
Developers: Eli Lilly, Incyte, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), Emory University.
Clinical Trial Ids: COV/BARRIER/NCT04421027 (Phase 3), ACTT-2/NCT04401579 (Phase 3)
Locations: USA, UK, Argentina, Brazil and others.
Description: Many patients with severe respiratory disease due to COVID-19 have features consistent with cytokine release syndrome. Due to increased activation of the JAK/STAT pathway, it is postulated that JAK-inhibitors might have a useful role in treating these patients.
OLUMIANT is a once-daily, oral JAK inhibitor approved in the U.S. for the treatment of adults with moderately to severely active rheumatoid arthritis who have had an inadequate response to one or more TNF inhibitor therapies, and approved outside of the U.S. for patients with moderately to severely active rheumatoid arthritis who have had an inadequate response to one or more DMARDs. There are four known JAK enzymes: JAK1, JAK2, JAK3 and TYK2. JAK-dependent cytokines have been implicated in the pathogenesis of a number of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. OLUMIANT has greater inhibitory potency at JAK1, JAK2 and TYK2 relative to JAK3; however, the relevance of inhibition of specific JAK enzymes to therapeutic effectiveness is not currently known.
Lilly and Incyte announced on September 14, initial data emerging from the Adaptive COVID-19 Treatment Trial (ACTT-2) sponsored by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). ACTT-2 included more than 1,000 patients and began on May 8 to assess the efficacy and safety of a 4-mg dose of baricitinib plus remdesivir versus remdesivir in hospitalized patients with COVID-19. Baricitinib in combination with remdesivir met the primary endpoint of reduction of time to recovery in comparison with remdesivir. Study investigators noted an approximately one-day reduction in median recovery time for the overall patient population treated with baricitinib in combination with remdesivir versus those treated with remdesivir. This finding was statistically significant. The study also met a key secondary endpoint comparing patient outcomes at Day 15 using an ordinal 8-point scale ranging from fully recovered to death.
Lilly will review the ACTT-2 data with NIAID and assess any impact on COV-BARRIER, the Phase 3 randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study it initiated in June to evaluate the efficacy and safety of baricitinib versus background therapy in hospitalized adults with COVID-19.
A preprint from Emory University showed investigation of the immunologic and virologic efficacy of baricitinib in a rhesus macaque model of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Animals treated with baricitinib showed reduced immune activation, decreased infiltration of neutrophils into the lung, reduced NETosis activity, and more limited lung pathology. Moreover, baricitinib treated animals had a rapid and remarkably potent suppression of alveolar macrophage derived production of cytokines and chemokines responsible for inflammation and neutrophil recruitment. Viral shedding measured from nasal and throat swabs, bronchoalveolar lavages and tissues was not reduced with baricitinib.
Additional data was shared by Lilly on October 08 showing baricitinib in combination with remdesivir reduced time to recovery and improved clinical outcomes for patients with COVID-19 infection compared with remdesivir. This finding was part of additional efficacy and safety data from the Adaptive COVID-19 Treatment Trial (ACTT-2). As previously reported, ACTT-2 achieved the primary endpoint, demonstrating that the overall patient population treated with baricitinib in combination with remdesivir improved their median time to recovery from 8 to 7 days in comparison to remdesivir, a 12.5% improvement (incidence rate ratio: 1.16; 95% CI: 1.01, 1.32; p=0.04).
Baricitinib receives Emergency Use Authorization from the FDA for the treatment of hospitalized patients with COVID-19 on November 19, 2020. FDA issued an Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) for the distribution and emergency use of baricitinib to be used in combination with remdesivir in hospitalized adult and pediatric patients two years of age or older with suspected or laboratory confirmed COVID-19 who require supplemental oxygen, invasive mechanical ventilation, or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO).
Status: The combination of baricitinib and remdesivir, reduced time to recovery for people hospitalized with COVID-19, according to clinical trial results published in the New England Journal of Medicine on December 11, 2020. The study was supported by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), part of the National Institutes of Health.
In the study with 1033 volunteers, the combination of baricitinib and remdesivir reduced median time to recovery in hospitalized COVID-19 patients from 8 days to 7 days. Patients who required high-flow oxygen or non-invasive ventilation during their hospitalization appeared to have had the largest benefit: their median time to recovery was shortened from 18 days to 10 days. In addition, participants’ conditions at day 15 of the study (as measured by an eight-category ordinal scale which ranked the severity of their condition) was significantly improved when they received the two therapeutics combined. Recipients of the two treatments also had slightly fewer serious adverse effects.
References:
- Press Release: Baricitinib in Combination with Remdesivir Reduces Time to Recovery in Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19 in NIAID-Sponsored ACTT-2 Trial. Eli Lilly (09/14/20).
- Press Release: Lilly Begins a Phase 3 Clinical Trial with Baricitinib for Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients. Eli Lilly (06/15/20).
- Preprint: Baricitinib treatment resolves lower airway inflammation and neutrophil recruitment in SARS-CoV-2-infected rhesus macaques. bioRxiv (09/16/20).
- Press Release: Baricitinib has Significant Effect on Recovery Time, Most Impactful in COVID-19 Patients Requiring Oxygen. Eli Lilly (10/08/20).
- Press Release: Baricitinib Plus Remdesivir Shows Promise for Treating COVID-19. NIAID (12/11/20).
- Press Release: Baricitinib Receives Emergency Use Authorization from the FDA for the Treatment of Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19. Eli Lilly (11/19/20).
Candidate: Low-dose Dexamethasone.
Clinical Trial IDs: ISRCTN50189673 (Phase II/III), EudraCT 2020-001113-21 (Phase II/III), NCT04381936 (Phase II/III).
Locations: United Kingdom.
Developers: Randomised Evaluation of COVid-19 thERapY (RECOVERY) Trial- This trial is supported by a grant to the University of Oxford from UK Research and Innovation/National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) and by core funding provided by NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Wellcome, the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, the Department for International Development, Health Data Research UK, the Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, and NIHR Clinical Trials Unit Support Funding.
Description: In March 2020, the RECOVERY trial was established as a randomised clinical trial to test a range of potential treatments for COVID-19, including low-dose dexamethasone (a steroid treatment). Over 11,500 patients have been enrolled from over 175 NHS hospitals in the UK. On 8 June, recruitment to the dexamethasone arm was halted since, in the view of the trial Steering Committee, sufficient patients had been enrolled to establish whether or not the drug had a meaningful benefit. A total of 2104 patients were randomized to receive dexamethasone 6 mg once per day (either by mouth or by intravenous injection) for ten days and were compared with 4321 patients randomized to usual care alone. Among the patients who received usual care alone, 28-day mortality was highest in those who required ventilation (41%), intermediate in those patients who required oxygen only (25%), and lowest among those who did not require any respiratory intervention (13%). Dexamethasone reduced deaths by one-third in ventilated patients (rate ratio 0.65 [95% confidence interval 0.48 to 0.88]; p=0.0003) and by one fifth in other patients receiving oxygen only (0.80 [0.67 to 0.96]; p=0.0021). There was no benefit among those patients who did not require respiratory support (1.22 [0.86 to 1.75]; p=0.14).
In a prospective meta-analysis of 7 randomized trials that included 1703 patients of whom 647 died (including the RECOVERY trial), 28-day all-cause mortality was lower among patients who received corticosteroids compared with those who received usual care or placebo (summary odds ratio, 0.66).
On the basis of the preliminary report from the RECOVERY trial, the COVID-19 Treatment Guidelines Panel recommends using dexamethasone 6 mg per day for up to 10 days or until hospital discharge, whichever comes first, for the treatment of COVID-19 in hospitalized patients who are mechanically ventilated and in hospitalized patients who require supplemental oxygen but who are not mechanically ventilated. If dexamethasone is not available, the Panel recommends using alternative glucocorticoids such as prednisone, methylprednisolone, or hydrocortisone.
Status: The result of Dexamethasone RECOVERY trial in Hospitalized Patients with Covid-19 was published in NEJM on February 25, 2021. In this controlled, open-label trial comparing a range of possible treatments patients hospitalized with COVID-19, the administration of 6 mg/day for ten days of the steroid dexamethasone resulted in statistically significantly lower 28-day mortality among those who were receiving either invasive mechanical ventilation (29% vs. 41%) or oxygen alone (23% vs. 26%) at randomization but not among those receiving no respiratory support (18% vs. 14%). Patients in the dexamethasone group also had a shorter duration of hospitalization than those in the usual care group (median, 12 days vs. 13 days).
References:
- News: Low-cost dexamethasone reduces death by up to one third in hospitalised patients with severe respiratory complications of COVID-19. Recovery Trial (06/16/20).
- Preprint: Effect of Dexamethasone in Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19: Preliminary Report. medRxiv (06/22/20).
- Publication: Dexamethasone in Hospitalized Patients with Covid-19 – Preliminary Report. NEJM (07/17/20).
- Meta-analysis: Association Between Administration of Systemic Corticosteroids and Mortality Among Critically Ill Patients With COVID-19. JAMA (09/02/20).
- RECOVERY Trial: Website for Randomised Evaluation of COVid-19 thERapY (RECOVERY) Trial, as accessed on 09/21/20.
- NIH: Guidelines and recommendations for Dexamethasone, as accessed on 09/21/20.
- Publication: Dexamethasone in Hospitalized Patients with Covid-19. NEJM (02/25/21).
FDA has issued guidance to provide recommendations to health care providers and investigators on the administration and study of investigational convalescent plasma collected from individuals who have recovered from COVID-19 (COVID-19 convalescent plasma) during the public health emergency.
Convalescent plasma that contains antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 is being studied for administration to patients with COVID-19. Use of convalescent plasma has been studied in outbreaks of other respiratory infections, including the 2003 SARS-CoV-1 epidemic, the 2009-2010 H1N1 influenza virus pandemic, and the 2012 MERS-CoV epidemic.
Although promising, convalescent plasma has not yet been shown to be safe and effective as a treatment for COVID-19. Therefore, it is important to study the safety and efficacy of COVID-19 convalescent plasma in clinical trials.
On August 23, 2020, the FDA issued an Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) for COVID-19 convalescent plasma for the treatment of hospitalized patients. The COVID-19 Treatment Guidelines Panel (the Panel) reviewed the available evidence from published and unpublished data on convalescent plasma for the treatment for COVID-19, including the FDA analyses that supported the EUA.
The FDA analysis of data on a subset of hospitalized patients from the Mayo Clinic’s Expanded Access Program (EAP) compared outcomes in patients who received convalescent plasma with high titers of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) neutralizing antibodies to outcomes in patients who received plasma with low titers and found no difference in 7-day survival overall. Among patients who were not intubated, 11% of those who received convalescent plasma with high antibody titers died within 7 days of transfusion compared with 14% of those who received convalescent plasma with low antibody titers. Among those who were intubated, there was no difference in 7-day survival. Although these data suggest that convalescent plasma with high antibody titers may be beneficial in nonintubated patients, uncertainty remains about the efficacy and safety of convalescent plasma due to the lack of a randomized control group and possible confounding in the Mayo Clinic’s EAP. Additionally, antibody levels in currently available COVID-19 convalescent plasma are highly variable, and assays to determine the effective antibody titers remain limited.
Status: Result of RECOVERY trial on Convalescent plasma in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 was published in Medrxiv on March 10, 2021. It was a randomised, controlled, open-label trial to evaluate the safety and efficacy of convalescent plasma. Between 28 May 2020 and 15 January 2021, 5795 patients were randomly allocated to receive convalescent plasma and 5763 to usual care alone. There was no significant difference in 28-day mortality between the two groups: 1398 (24%) of 5795 patients allocated convalescent plasma and 1408 (24%) of 5763 patients allocated usual care died within 28 days. The 28-day mortality rate ratio was similar in all prespecified subgroups of patients, including in those patients without detectable SARS-CoV-2 antibodies at randomisation. Among patients hospitalised with COVID-19, high-titre convalescent plasma did not improve survival or other prespecified clinical outcomes.
Result of an early High-Titer Plasma Therapy to Prevent Severe Covid-19 in Older Adults was on February 18, 2021 in NEJM. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of convalescent plasma with high IgG titers in 160 older adult patients within 72 hours after the onset of mild Covid-19 symptoms. Severe respiratory disease developed in 13 of 80 patients (16%) who received convalescent plasma and 25 of 80 patients (31%) who received, with a relative risk reduction of 48%. No solicited adverse events were observed. Early administration of high-titer convalescent plasma against SARS-CoV-2 to mildly ill infected older adults reduced the progression of Covid-19.
FDA has re-issued an EUA for convalescent plasma on February 11, 2021 with revisions. The guidance provides recommendations on the following:
- pathways for use of investigational convalescent plasma
- collection of convalescent plasma
- record keeping
- compliance and enforcement policy regarding investigational new drug requirements for use of convalescent plasma
Because convalescent plasma for the treatment of COVID-19 has not yet been approved for use by FDA, it is regulated as an investigational product. As such, its administration must be under the EUA or an IND. FDA does not collect convalescent plasma or provide convalescent plasma. Health care providers or acute care facilities should obtain convalescent plasma from an FDA registered or licensed blood establishment.
References:
- CONCOVID Preprint: Convalescent Plasma for COVID-19. A randomized clinical trial (NCT04342182). medRxiv (07/03/20).
- Publication: Effect of Convalescent Plasma Therapy on Time to Clinical Improvement in Patients With Severe and Life-threatening COVID-19: A Randomized Clinical Trial (ChiCTR2000029757). JAMA (06/03/20).
- Mayo Clinic Preprint: Early Safety Indicators of COVID-19 Convalescent Plasma in 5,000 Patients. medRxiv 05/14/20).
- News: FDA Issues Emergency Use Authorization for Convalescent Plasma as Potential Promising COVID–19 Treatment. FDA (08/23/20).
- Mayo Clinic: Safety Update – COVID-19 Convalescent Plasma in 20,000 Hospitalized Patients (09/01/20).
- Preprint: Convalescent plasma in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 (RECOVERY): a randomised, controlled, open-label, platform trial. medRxiv (03/10/21).
- Publication: Early High-Titer Plasma Therapy to Prevent Severe Covid-19 in Older Adults. JAMA (02/18/21).
- FDA guidance: Recommendations for Investigational COVID-19 Convalescent Plasma (02/11/21).
Updated: 05 April, 2021.
The table lists various ongoing treatment efforts (Antibodies, Antivirals, Cell-based therapies and others) from developers and sponsors globally to identify a safe and efficacious solution to the pandemic. Data is collated from various sources including WHO and Milken Institute trackers.
| S No | Type | Strategy | Stage | Phase | Details | Developer | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Treatment | Antibodies | Clinical | Phase III trial begun in hospitalized patients | CPI-006 | Corvus Pharmaceuticals and Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University | |
| 2 | Treatment | Antibodies | Clinical | - | Ultomiris (ravulizumab-cwvz), complement inhibitor | Alexion Pharmaceuticals. TACTIC-R trial | |
| 3 | Treatment | Antibodies | Clinical | - | Soliris (eculizumab), complement inhibitor | Assistance Publique - Hopitaux de Paris (Phase II); Alexion (Expanded Access Protocols) | |
| 4 | Treatment | Antibodies | Clinical | - | MEDI3506, monoclonal antibody targeting interleukin 33 | AstraZeneca; ACCORD trial | |
| 5 | Treatment | Antibodies | Clinical | - | itolizumab, anti-CD6 IgG1 monoclonal antibody | BioCon / Equilium | |
| 6 | Treatment | Antibodies | Clinical | - | CT-P59; Antibodies from recovered COVID-19 patients | Celltrion | |
| 7 | Treatment | Antibodies | Clinical | - | Remsima (infliximab), anti-TNF antibody | Celltrion / University of Oxford / University Hospitals Birmingham (CATALYST trial) | |
| 8 | Treatment | Antibodies | Clinical | Significantly Reduced Respiratory Failure and Mortality in Phase II Clinical Trial in Patients Hospitalized with COVID-19 ARDS as march 2021 | CERC-002, anti-LIGHT monoclonal antibody | Cerecor | |
| 9 | Treatment | Antibodies | Clinical | Phase III Trial Demonstrates Safety, a 24% Reduction in Mortality and Faster Hospital Discharge for Mechanically Ventilated Critically Ill COVID-19 Patients | leronlimab (PRO 140), a CCR5 antagonist | CytoDyn | |
| 10 | Treatment | Antibodies | Clinical | Phase I/II not yet recruiting July 2020 | EB05, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory molecule (sPLA2 inhibitor) | Edesa Biotech / Light Chain Bioscience (NovImmune) | |
| 11 | Treatment | Antibodies | Clinical | - | LY3127804, anti-Angiopoietin 2 (Ang2) antibody | Eli Lilly | |
| 12 | Treatment | Antibodies | Clinical | FDA EUA approved Nov 2020. Interim authorization from Health Canada Nov 2020. Doses purchased by US, Dec 2020. | LY-CoV555 antibody from recovered patients | Eli Lilly / AbCellera (NIH Vaccines Research Center) / Takeda | |
| 13 | Treatment | Antibodies | Clinical | FDA approves Phase III trial in hospitalized patients in July 2020 | Sylvant (siltuximab), interleukin-6 targeted monoclonal | EUSA Pharma / The Papa Giovanni XXII Hospital; University Hospital, Ghent; Fundacion Clinic per a la Recerca Biomédica | |
| 14 | Treatment | Antibodies | Clinical | Phase III trial expected to begin in the second quarter of 2021 | VIR-7831 | GSK | |
| 15 | Treatment | Antibodies | Clinical | Completes Enrollment in Phase 3 Study of Lenzilumab in Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19 | lenzilumab, anti-granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor antibody | Humanigen Inc. / Catalent Biologics | |
| 16 | Treatment | Antibodies | Clinical | - | TJM2 (TJ003234), anti-granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor antibody | I-Mab Biopharma | |
| 17 | Treatment | Antibodies | Clinical | - | IC14, recombinant chimeric anti-CD14 monoclonal antibody | Implicit Bioscience | |
| 18 | Treatment | Antibodies | Clinical | - | IFX-1, anti-C5a antibody | InflaRx N.V. | |
| 19 | Treatment | Antibodies | Clinical | - | JS016 antibody candidate (LY-CoV016 + LY-CoV555) | Junshi Biosciences / Eli Lilly / Lonza / AbCellera | |
| 20 | Treatment | Antibodies | Clinical | Phase I/II in hospitalized patients in Israel to start 3Q 2020; Will talk to FDA in 3Q 2020; enrollment completed Sept 2020 in Israel | Antibodies from recovered COVID-19 patients | Kamada / Kedrion Biopharma / Columbia University Irving Medical Center | |
| 21 | Treatment | Antibodies | Clinical | Phase II trial recruiting June 2020; Case reports published June 2020 | mavrilimumab, anti-granulocyte-macrophase colony-stimunlating factor receptor-alpha monoclonal antibody | Kiniksa / Cleveland Clinic / Ospedale San Raffaele | |
| 22 | Treatment | Antibodies | Clinical | Mayo Clinic and Houston Methodist trial results published June 2020, other trials ongoing; FDA issued Emergency Use Authorization on Aug 23, 2020 | Convalescent plasma (blood plasma from recovered patients) | Multiple global research sponsors, including: New York State Department of Health; Johns Hopkins University; the Feinstein Institutes; RECOVERY trial | |
| 23 | Treatment | Antibodies | Clinical | Octapharma released topline results from retrospective study July 2020; Phase III study ongoing July 2020; Phase 1/2 trials began | Octagam; intravenous Immunoglobulin (IVIG) | Multiple global research sponsors; Octapharma USA / Sharp Memorial Hospital; Grifols | |
| 24 | Treatment | Antibodies | Clinical | - | Ilaris (canakinumab), interleukin-1beta blocker | Novartis | |
| 25 | Treatment | Antibodies | Clinical | - | PD-1 blocking antibody; Thymosin | Numerous trials with Chinese research sponsors | |
| 26 | Treatment | Antibodies | Clinical | - | Avastin (bevacizumab), vascular endothelial growth factor inhibitor | Numerous trials with Chinese research sponsors; Roche | |
| 27 | Treatment | Antibodies | Clinical | Initial Roche studies could be completed May or June 2020; Phase II open-label study in Italy active (April 2020), Phase III Roche global trial enrolling May 2020, Roche trial (+ remdesivir) to start June 2020; ; Phase 3 EMPACTA Trial (tocilizumab + placebo); HEPMAB (Actemra + Heparin) Phase 3 trials begin Oct 2020 | Actemra (tocilizumab), interleukin-6 receptor antagonist | Numerous trials with global research sponsors; Roche; REMAP-CAP; RECOVERY | |
| 28 | Treatment | Antibodies | Clinical | Joined Operation Warp Speed in July 2020; Phase III prevention trial with NIAID starts July 2020; Phase 2 stage of 1/2/3 treatment trial started July 2020; Phase 3 starts Aug 2020; compassionate use/expanded access requested Oct 2020. FDA Emergency Use Authorization Nov 2020. | Antibody combination REGN-COV2 (REGN10933+REGN10987) against the spike protein | Regeneron / NIAID | |
| 29 | Treatment | Antibodies | Clinical | - | Gimsilumab, anti-granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor monoclonal | Roivant Sciences | |
| 30 | Treatment | Antibodies | Clinical | Phase II/III trials began Jul 2020 | BDB-001, monocloncal anti-C5a antibody | Staidson / Pivotal | |
| 31 | Treatment | Antibodies | Clinical | Phase II/III recruiting April 2020 | Gamifant (emapalumab), anti-interferon gamma antibody | Swedish Orphan Biovitrum | |
| 32 | Treatment | Antibodies | Clinical | Phase II/III efficacy trials begin Oct 2020 | meplazumab, anti-CD147 antibody | Tang-Du Hospital | |
| 33 | Treatment | Antibodies | Clinical | Phase III began Dec 2020. | TY027, monoclonal antibody targeting SARS-CoV-2 | Tychan / SingHealth Investigational Medicine Unit | |
| 34 | Treatment | Antibodies | Clinical | Phase II study not yet recruiting | Opdivo (nivolumab), PD-1 blocking antibody | University of Hong Kong (BMS) | |
| 35 | Treatment | Antibodies | Clinical | Phase III trials began Oct 2020 (ITAC Trial) | Prolastin, alpha-1 anti-trypsin antibody | Various global research sponsors / Grifols / Emergent BioSolutions, CSL Behring and Takeda | |
| 36 | Treatment | Antibodies | Clinical | VIR-7832 will be evaluated in the Phase 1b/2a National Health Service-supported AGILE trial in adults with mild to moderate COVID-19 | VIR-7832 antibodies from recovered SARS patients | Vir Biotechnology / GSK / Samsung / WuXi Biologics / Biogen | |
| 37 | Treatment | Antibodies | Pre-clinical | Phase II trials FDA to begin Oct 2020; NCT04401475 | Single domain antibodies (sdAbs), engineered monoclonal antibody derived from camelids | Abcore | |
| 38 | Treatment | Antibodies | Pre-clinical | - | Antibodies | Ablexis / AlivaMab Discovery Services / Berkeley Lights Collaborate | |
| 39 | Treatment | Antibodies | Pre-clinical | Phase I trial expected to start by early 2021 | Antibodies binding to a piece of the spike protein found on multiple coronaviruses including SARS-CoV-2, ADG20 | Adagio Therapeutics | |
| 40 | Treatment | Antibodies | Pre-clinical | Antibody for immunocompromised patients | Alliance - Proteona / NMI / NUS Enterprise / 10X Genomics / NovogeneAIT / Twist Bioscience / University Hospitals / German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg University Hospital / Tübingen University Hospital / NovogeneAIT | ||
| 41 | Treatment | Antibodies | Pre-clinical | - | Antibodies from recovered COVID-19 patients | Amgen / Adaptive Biotechnologies | |
| 42 | Treatment | Antibodies | Pre-clinical | Phase I/II trials begin in summer 2020 | Antibodies targeting the S protein from convalescent serum, humanized mice, and phage display | AstraZeneca / US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID) / University of Maryland School of Medicine | |
| 43 | Treatment | Antibodies | Pre-clinical | Phase I/II trials to begin in Oct 2020 | - | Atreca / BeiGene / IGM Biosciences / Singlomics | |
| 44 | Treatment | Antibodies | Pre-clinical | - | Super-antibody or antibody cocktail to target potential mutations of SARS-CoV-2 | Celltrion | |
| 45 | Treatment | Antibodies | Pre-clinical | - | Antibody | Centivax (Distributed Bio) | |
| 46 | Treatment | Antibodies | Pre-clinical | - | Antibodies | Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, Imperial College London | |
| 47 | Treatment | Antibodies | Pre-clinical | - | BI 767551, Antibodies from recovered COVID-19 patients | Cologne University Hospital / German Center for Infection Research / Boehringer Ingelheim | |
| 48 | Treatment | Antibodies | Pre-clinical | Recruiting Dec 2020. | Mix of neutralizing antibodies isolated from recovered COVID-19 patients | Columbia University Irving Medical Center; IAVI and Serum Research Institute India | |
| 49 | Treatment | Antibodies | Pre-clinical | - | Antibodies from recovered COVID-19 patients | Costa Rican Social Security Fund (CCSS) / The University of Costa Rica (UCR) / Clodomiro Picado Institute | |
| 50 | Treatment | Antibodies | Pre-clinical | Phase III first patient enrolled, Oct 2020 | Polyclonal hyperimmune globulin (H-IG), unbranded (TAK-888) | CoVIg-19 Plasma Alliance (Takeda, CSL Behring, Biotest AG, Bio Products Laboratory, LFB, and Octapharma, ADMA Biologics, BioPharma Plasma, GC Pharma, Sanquin) / Gates Foundation / NIAID / Microsoft | |
| 51 | Treatment | Antibodies | Pre-clinical | Phase I starts early summer 2020; Dosing to start August 2020 | SAB-185, Polyclonal hyperimmune globulin (H-IG) | CSL Behring / SAb Biotherapeutics | |
| 52 | Treatment | Antibodies | Pre-clinical | Phase I/II trials began June 2020; recruitment began Aug 2020 | - | CSL Behring Australia | |
| 53 | Treatment | Antibodies | Pre-clinical | Phase II trials FDA to begin Oct 2020; NCT04401475 | Monocloncal antibodies, CXC10 antagonist | Edesa Biotech / Light Chain Bioscience (NovImmune) | |
| 54 | Treatment | Antibodies | Pre-clinical | - | Neutralizing antibodies | Eli Lilly / Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute | |
| 55 | Treatment | Antibodies | Pre-clinical | To be Included in NIH-Sponsored Phase 3 Clinical Trial as oct 2020 | Horse plasma product (COVID-EIG) | Emergent BioSolutions | |
| 56 | Treatment | Antibodies | Pre-clinical | - | Polyclonal hyperimmune globulin (H-IG) | Emergent BioSolutions / National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) / Mt Sinai Health System / ImmunoTek Bio Centers | |
| 57 | Treatment | Antibodies | Pre-clinical | Expected to begin Phase I/II trials in early 2021 | Polyclonal antibodies | Fab'entech | |
| 58 | Treatment | Antibodies | Pre-clinical | - | Antibodies | FairJourney Biologics / Iontas | |
| 59 | Treatment | Antibodies | Pre-clinical | - | GC5131A, plasma derived therapy | GC Pharma / Korea National Institute of Health | |
| 60 | Treatment | Antibodies | Pre-clinical | - | Non-viral gene therapy to produce monoclonal antibodies | Generation Bio / Vir Biotechnology | |
| 61 | Treatment | Antibodies | Pre-clinical | Phase I trial expected to start early 2021 | rCIG (recombinant anti-coronavirus 19 hyperimmune gammaglobulin), polyclonal antibodies | GigaGen | |
| 62 | Treatment | Antibodies | Clinical | Anti-SARS-CoV-2 hyperimmune globulin begins clinical trial in patients with COVID-19 began Oct 2020 | Polyclonal hyperimmune globulin (H-IG) | Grifols | |
| 63 | Treatment | Antibodies | Pre-clinical | - | Antibodies from recovered COVID-19 patients | Grifols | |
| 64 | Treatment | Antibodies | Pre-clinical | Trial to begin Feb 2021 in Spain | Gamunex-C, containis anti-SARS-CoV-2 polyclonal antibodies from recovered plasma donors | Grifols | |
| 65 | Treatment | Antibodies | Pre-clinical | Phase I clinical trial initiated Dec 2020. Licensed for clinical development Dec 2020. | Antibody 47D11 | Harbour BioMed / Erasmus MC / Utrecht University / Mount Sinai Health System / AbbVie | |
| 66 | Treatment | Antibodies | Pre-clinical | IgY-110, anti-CoV-2 antibody (nasal spary application) | IGY Life Sciences / MMS Holdings / Canadian Government National Microbiology Lab | ||
| 67 | Treatment | Antibodies | Pre-clinical | - | Novel biosynthetic convalescent plasma (BCP) | Immunome | |
| 68 | Treatment | Antibodies | Pre-clinical | - | Monoclonal antibody cocktail | ImmunoPrecise Antibodies | |
| 69 | Treatment | Antibodies | Pre-clinical | - | Antibodies from recovered COVID-19 patients | Innovent Biologics | |
| 70 | Treatment | Antibodies | Pre-clinical | - | Antibodies (OmniChicken platform) | Ligand Pharmaceuticals | |
| 71 | Treatment | Antibodies | Pre-clinical | - | Antibodies (OmniRat platform) | Ligand Pharmaceuticals | |
| 72 | Treatment | Antibodies | Pre-clinical | - | Antibodies | Medicago / Laval University's Infectious Disease Research Centre | |
| 73 | Treatment | Antibodies | Pre-clinical | Phase I trial could begin as early as Sept 2020 | Antibodies | Prellis Biologics | |
| 74 | Treatment | Antibodies | Pre-clinical | - | Purified ovine immunoglobulin from immunized sheep | Public Health England (Stuart Dowall) | |
| 75 | Treatment | Antibodies | Pre-clinical | - | Nanobodies from Llamas | Rosalind Franklin Institute / Oxford University / Diamond Light Source / Public Health England | |
| 76 | Treatment | Antibodies | Pre-clinical | Start Phase II trial Q3 2020; FDA cleared for Phase I for COVI-GUARD (STI-1499) in hospitalized COVID-19 patients | COVI-SHIELD/COVI-TRACE/COVI-GUARD antibody cocktail that binds to three different epitopes | Sorrento Therapeutics / Mount Sinai Health System / Columbia University | |
| 77 | Treatment | Antibodies | Pre-clinical | Plan to initiate Phase I in Q1 2021 | TZLS-501, an anti-interleukin-6 receptor monoclonal antibody (inhalation technology in development-Foralumab anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody) | Tiziana Life Sciences | |
| 78 | Treatment | Antibodies | Pre-clinical | - | BRII-196 and BRII-198, Antibodies from recovered COVID-19 patients | Tsinghua University / Third People's Hospital of Shenzhen / Brii Biosciences | |
| 79 | Treatment | Antibodies | Pre-clinical | - | Linked nanobody antibody | University of Texas at Austin / US National Institutes of Health / Ghent University | |
| 80 | Treatment | Antibodies | Pre-clinical | Phase III trial is assessing the safety and efficacy of AZD7442 as 16 march 2021 | Combo of two antibodies (AZD7442) | Vanderbilt Vaccine Center / AstraZeneca / IDBiologics | |
| 81 | Treatment | Antibodies | Pre-clinical | Neutralizing antibodies | Virna Therapeutics / University of Toronto | ||
| 82 | Treatment | Antibodies | Pre-clinical | - | Antibodies from recovered COVID-19 patients | Xbiotech / BioBridge Global | |
| 83 | Treatment | Antivirals | Clinical | Phase II/III to start in Q3 2020 | - | Acer Therapeutics / US National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS) | |
| 84 | Treatment | Antivirals | Clinical | Phase II/III started enrolling in May 2020 | - | Ansun Biopharma / Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University | |
| 85 | Treatment | Antivirals | Clinical | Small open label trial completed and results released in March 2020; Larger open label trial recruiting May 2020 | Ganovo (danoprevir), hepatitis C virus NS3 protease inhibitor; ritonavir; interferon, approved in China to treat Hepatitis C | Ascletis / Chinese research sponsors | |
| 86 | Treatment | Antivirals | Clinical | Phase III trial recruiting May 2020 | ASC09, HIV protease inhibitor | Ascletis / Chinese research sponsors | |
| 87 | Treatment | Antivirals | Clinical | Phase II trial to start May 2020 | AT-527, oral purine nucleotide prodrug | Atea Pharmaceuticals / Roche | |
| 88 | Treatment | Antivirals | Clinical | Phase II recruiting May 2020; Individual patient expanded access | Virazole (ribavirin for inhalation solution) | Bausch Health | |
| 89 | Treatment | Antivirals | Clinical | Phase II trial started August 2020 | - | - | |
| 90 | Treatment | Antivirals | Clinical | Phase Ib recruiting May 2020 | galidesivir | BioCryst Pharmaceuticals | |
| 91 | Treatment | Antivirals | Clinical | Phase II trial not yet recruiting | Levovir (clevudine) | Bukwang Pharm | |
| 92 | Treatment | Antivirals | Clinical | Glenmark Phase III trial in India top-line results released July 2020 (Glenmark) | Favilavir/ Favipiravir/ T-705/ Avigan, licensed in Japan to treat influenza | Fujifilm Toyama Chemical / Zhejiang Hisun Pharmaceuticals / numerous trials with global research sponsors / Brigham and Women's Hospital, Massachusetts General Hospital, and the University of Massachusetts Medical School / Glenmark Pharmaceuticals | |
| 93 | Treatment | Antivirals | Clinical | Gilead releases additional data Phase III trial on July 10, 2020 | remdesivir, nucleotide analog | Gilead; World Health Organization SOLIDARITY trial; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)'s Adaptive COVID-19 Treatment Trial; Feinstein Institutes; I-SPY COVID | |
| 94 | Treatment | Antivirals | Clinical | - | Kaletra/Aluvia (lopinavir/ritonavir), HIV-1 protease inhibitor | Global hospital testing (AbbVie); World Health Organization SOLIDARITY trial (studying lopinavir / ritonavir with and without interferon beta); University of Oxford RECOVERY trial; REMAP-CAP global trial; Univ. of College, London | |
| 95 | Treatment | Antivirals | Clinical | Phase II trial recruiting July 2020 | Selzentry (maraviroc), a CCR5 co-receptor antagonist | Hospital Universitario Infanta Leonor / Viiv Healthcare; Hospital General de México Dr. Eduardo Liceaga; Rhode Island Hospital | |
| 96 | Treatment | Antivirals | Clinical | Phase II/III trial not yet recruiting July 2020 | Sofusbuvir | Hospital do Coracao | |
| 97 | Treatment | Antivirals | Clinical | Phase IV trials recruiting May 2020 | Arbidol (umifenovir), licensed in Russia and China for treatment of respiratory viral infections | - | |
| 98 | Treatment | Antivirals | Clinical | Phase III trials recruiting May 2020 | Prezcobix (darunavir, HIV-1 protease inhibitor/cobicistat, CYP3A inhibitor) | - | |
| 99 | Treatment | Antivirals | Clinical | Phase II/III trial recruiting July 2020 (neurosivir); Phase I trial recruiting July 2020 (inhaled remdesevir + neurosivir) | Neurosivir (NA-831) | NeuroActiva | |
| 100 | Treatment | Antivirals | Clinical | Phase III trial recruiting May 2020 | Truvada (emtricitabine and tenofovir, both HIV-1 nucleoside analog reverse transcriptase inhibitors) | - | |
| 101 | Treatment | Antivirals | Clinical | Phase II trial started June 2020 | EIDD-2801, oral ribonucleoside analog | Ridgeback Biotherapeutics / Drug Innovation Ventures at Emory (DRIVE) / Merck | |
| 102 | Treatment | Antivirals | Clinical | - | Tamiflu (oseltamivir), neuraminidase inhibitor | Roche; REMAP-CAP global trial | |
| 103 | Treatment | Antivirals | Clinical | Phase II trial (Nitazoxanide + atazanavir/ritonavir) began Oct 2020 | Atazanavir, protease inhibitor | Various global research sponsors / University of Liverpool / Obafemi Awolowo University | |
| 104 | Treatment | Antivirals | Clinical | - | Daklinza (daclatasvir), hepatitis C virus (HCV) NS5A inhibitor | Various global research sponsors | |
| 105 | Treatment | Antivirals | Pre-clinical | - | AB001 | Agastiya Biotech | |
| 106 | Treatment | Antivirals | Pre-clinical | - | GC376, protease inhibitor | Anivive Lifesciences | |
| 107 | Treatment | Antivirals | Pre-clinical | - | antiviral Fc conjugates | Cidara Therapeutics | |
| 108 | Treatment | Antivirals | Pre-clinical | - | Antiviral compounds | Cocrystal Pharma | |
| 109 | Treatment | Antivirals | Pre-clinical | - | ISR-50 | ISR Immune System Regulation | |
| 110 | Treatment | Antivirals | Pre-clinical | Phase III recruitment began Oct 2020 | Hyperimmune immunoglobulin (hIVIG) + Remdesivir | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease (NIAID) / University of Minnesota | |
| 111 | Treatment | Antivirals | Pre-clinical | - | Antiviral drug combinations | SCORE consortium (universities of Aix-Marseille, Leuven, Utrecht, Bern, and Lubeck), the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, and Janssen Pharmaceutica NV | |
| 112 | Treatment | Antivirals | Pre-clinical | FDA IND approved for Phase I trial; First patient dosed Nov 2020 | SLV213, cysteine protease inhibitor | Selva Therapeutics | |
| 113 | Treatment | Antivirals | Pre-clinical | - | Prophylactic antiviral CRISPR in human cells (PAC-MAN) | Stanford University / US Department of Energy's Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory | |
| 114 | Treatment | Antivirals | Pre-clinical | - | Vicromax, broad spectrum antiviral | ViralClear Pharmaceuticals | |
| 115 | Treatment | Cell-based therapies | Clinical | FDA cleared Phase I trial June 2020; First patient dosed Nov 2020 | AgenT-797, allogeneic invariant natural killer T cells | AgenTus Therapeutics (Agenus) | |
| 116 | Treatment | Cell-based therapies | Clinical | Phase I/II trial FDA cleared June 2020 | ACT-20, allogeneic cell preparation of mesenchymal stem cells from umbilical cord tissue | Aspire Health Science | |
| 117 | Treatment | Cell-based therapies | Clinical | Phase II/III trial recruiting May 2020 | MultiStem, bone marrow stem cells | Athersys / The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston | |
| 118 | Treatment | Cell-based therapies | Clinical | Phase II trial expected to start Q3 2020; Phase I open label trial began Oct 2020 | CLBS119, autologous peripheral blood-derived CD34+ cell therapy | Caladrius Biosciences | |
| 119 | Treatment | Cell-based therapies | Clinical | Expanded access protocol trial ongoing May 2020; FDA approved IND in August 2020 for Phase II trial | CAP-1002, allogenic cardiosphere-derived cells | Capricor Inc. | |
| 120 | Treatment | Cell-based therapies | Clinical | Two case reports released July 2020; FDA cleared Phase I trial July 2020 | CK0802, allogeneic cell therapy containing T-regulatory cells from umbilical cord blood processed to express lung homing markers on the cell surface | Cellenkos | |
| 121 | Treatment | Cell-based therapies | Clinical | FDA approves Phase II trial June 2020 | Autologous Adipose-Tissue Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells (ADMSCs) and allogeneic MSCs | Celltex | |
| 122 | Treatment | Cell-based therapies | Clinical | Phase I/II study recruiting August 2020; Dosing began for Phase I/II Phase; I/II evaluation complete Dec 2020. | CYNK-001, allogeneic, natural killer cell therapy | Celularity / Lung Biotechnology PBC / California Institute for Regnerative Medicine (CIRM) | |
| 123 | Treatment | Cell-based therapies | Clinical | Phase II to start in July 2020 in Australia | CYP-001 (Cymerus MSC), Mesenchymal stem cells | Cynata Therapeutics | |
| 124 | Treatment | Cell-based therapies | Clinical | Phase I trial started July 2020 | DWP710, DW-MSC, a mesenchymal stem cell therapy | Daewoong | |
| 125 | Treatment | Cell-based therapies | Clinical | Phase II trial started May 2020; First patient dosed in phase II trials in Israel | Allocetra, early apopototic cells | Enlivex Therapeutics | |
| 126 | Treatment | Cell-based therapies | Clinical | Phase II started in April 2020, Phase I efficacy trial began Aug 2020 | Allogenic, adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (HB-adMSCs) | Hope Biosciences / Daewoong Pharmaceutical Co. LTD / Other global research sponsors | |
| 127 | Treatment | Cell-based therapies | Clinical | Phase I enrolling April 2020 | AmnioBoost, concentrated allogeneic MSCs and cytokines derived from amniotic fluid | Lattice Biologics | |
| 128 | Treatment | Cell-based therapies | Clinical | Expanded access protocol started for children July 2020; Phase II/III trial started May 2020 | Ryoncil (remestemcel-L), allogenic mesenchymal stem cells | Mesoblast / Cardiothoracic Surgical Trials Network | |
| 129 | Treatment | Cell-based therapies | Clinical | Phase I/IIa trial approved by South Korea Ministry of Food and Drug Safety in March 2020; Phase I/II efficacy trial to start Dec 2020 | Astrostem-V, Allogenic, adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (HB-adMSCs) | Naturecell Co. LTD | |
| 130 | Treatment | Cell-based therapies | Clinical | Phase I trials ongoing May 2020; Phase I/II trials recruiting May 2020; Phase II/III trial recruiting May 2020; Phase 2 trial enrollment Sept 2020-EXIT COVID-19 | Mesenchymal stem cells | Numerous trials with global research sponsors / MD Anderson Cancer Center | |
| 131 | Treatment | Cell-based therapies | Clinical | Phase II trial recruiting July 2020; Results from individual patient expanded access released in April/May 2020; Phase II trials began Nov 2020. PLI study terminated Dec 2020. | PLX cell product, placenta-based cell therapy | Pluristem Therapeutics / BIH Center for Regenerative Therapy / Berlin Center for Advanced Therapies | |
| 132 | Treatment | Cell-based therapies | Clinical | Phase I/II trial recruiting July 2020 | MSV_allo, allogenic mesenchymal stem cells | Red de Terapia Celular (TerCel) | |
| 133 | Treatment | Cell-based therapies | Clinical | - | StemVacs, universal donor natural killer cell-based therapy | Therapeutic Solutions International | |
| 134 | Treatment | Cell-based therapies | Clinical | - | Umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells | Trustem Cell Therapy | |
| 135 | Treatment | Cell-based therapies | Clinical | Individual expanded access results released July 2020; IND submitted to FDA April 2020 | AlloRx stem cells, umbilical cord mesenchyma stem cell therapy | Vitro Biopharma / Global Institute of Stem Cell Therapy and Research | |
| 136 | Treatment | Cell-based therapies | Pre-clinical | IMS001, human embryonic stem cell-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hES-MSC) | AgeX Therapeutics / ImStem Biotechnology | ||
| 137 | Treatment | Cell-based therapies | Pre-clinical | FDA IND approved Sept 2020; Dosing began Nov 2020 | Allogeneic T-cell therapies | AlloVir / Baylor College of Medicine | |
| 138 | Treatment | Cell-based therapies | Pre-clinical | FDA cleared Investigational New Drug (IND) application for BX-U001 | BX-U001, allogeneic umbilical cord derived mesenchymal stem cell (hUC-MSC) | Baylx, Inc. | |
| 139 | Treatment | Cell-based therapies | Pre-clinical | - | BCDA-4, bone marrow-derived allogenic neurokinin-1 receptor positive mesenchymal stem cells | BioCardia | |
| 140 | Treatment | Cell-based therapies | Pre-clinical | Phase I/II trials began April 2020 | Dental pulp-derived mesenchymal stem cells | CAR-T (Shanghai) Biotechnology | |
| 141 | Treatment | Cell-based therapies | Pre-clinical | Phase I trial to start by end of 2020 | NoveCite cells (NC-MSCs), mesenchymal stem cells derived from a single donor's fibroblasts | Citius / Novellus | |
| 142 | Treatment | Cell-based therapies | Pre-clinical | Phase I/II open label trials began in July 2020 | Chimeric antigen receptors (CAR)/T cell receptors (TCR)-T cell therapy | Duke-NUS Medical School; various hospitals (Singapore) | |
| 143 | Treatment | Cell-based therapies | Pre-clinical | Begin Phase I by end of 2020 | Natural killer cell-based therapy | GC LabCell / KLEO Pharmaceuticals | |
| 144 | Treatment | Cell-based therapies | Pre-clinical | Pre-IND submitted to FDA in May 2020 | haNK, natural killer cells | ImmunityBio / NantKwest | |
| 145 | Treatment | Cell-based therapies | Pre-clinical | Phase Ib trial to start June 2020 | Bone marrow-derived allogenic mesenchymal stem cells (BM-Allo-MSC) | ImmunityBio / NantKwest / Be The Match BioTherapies | |
| 146 | Treatment | Cell-based therapies | Pre-clinical | - | Furestem RA, allogenic umbilical cord blood-derived stem cell therapy | Kangstem Biotech | |
| 147 | Treatment | Cell-based therapies | Pre-clinical | - | Autologous Adipose-Tissue Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells (ADMSCs) | Regeneris Medical | |
| 148 | Treatment | Cell-based therapies | Pre-clinical | Phase I/II trial to start August 2020 Phase I/II now recruiting Nov 2020. | SBI-101, biologic/device combo product with allogeneic mesenchymal stem cells and a phasmapheresis device | Sentien Biotechnologies | |
| 149 | Treatment | Cell-based therapies | Pre-clinical | - | Small mobile stem (SMS) cells | SMSbiotech | |
| 150 | Treatment | RNA-based treatments | Clinical | Phase II study IND submitted to FDA on April 27, 2020; Phase II trials approved in Peru Nov 2020 | OT-101, a TGF-Beta antisense drug candidate | Mateon Therapeutics | |
| 151 | Treatment | RNA-based treatments | Pre-clinical | Phase I/II trial of Ampligen (rintatolimod), in combination with interferon alfa-2b, in cancer patients with COVID-19 not yet recruiting July 2020 | Ampligen; (rintatolimod) | AIM ImmunoTech / National Institute of Infectious Diseases in Japan / Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center | |
| 152 | Treatment | RNA-based treatments | Pre-clinical | Phase I to start Q4 2020 | Inhaled mRNA | Neurimmune / Ethris | |
| 153 | Treatment | RNA-based treatments | Pre-clinical | - | Antisense oligonucleotides, peptide conjugated | Sarepta Therapeutics / US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID) | |
| 154 | Treatment | RNA-based treatments | Pre-clinical | - | RNAi - testing 150 RNAis | Sirnaomics | |
| 155 | Treatment | RNA-based treatments | Pre-clinical | Phase I to start by the end of 2020 | VIR-2703 (ALN-COV) siRNA candidate | Vir Biotech / Alnylam Pharmaceuticals | |
| 156 | Treatment | Scanning compounds to repurpose | Pre-clinical | Initial in silico screening completed July 2020, testing identified compounds in pre-clincial studies July 2020 | Screening for antiviral drug candidates. Specified antiviral drug candidates: remdesivir | Anixa Biosciences / OntoChem | |
| 157 | Treatment | Scanning compounds to repurpose | Pre-clinical | - | Scanning compound libraries. Specifically small molecule drugs: monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies | COVID-19 Therapeutics Accelerator | |
| 158 | Treatment | Scanning compounds to repurpose | Pre-clinical | - | Screening new drugs + library of antiviral compounds | Enanta Pharmaceuticals | |
| 159 | Treatment | Scanning compounds to repurpose | Pre-clinical | - | Screening a chemical library of 500 billion molecules | Exscalate4Cov, public-private consortium | |
| 160 | Treatment | Scanning compounds to repurpose | Pre-clinical | Combinations will be ready for pre-clinical testing in May 2020 | Artifical intellegence based screening to identify repurposed drug combinations. AI has specifically noted Baricitinib | Healx | |
| 161 | Treatment | Scanning compounds to repurpose | Pre-clinical | - | Scanning library of antiviral compounds | Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies | |
| 162 | Treatment | Scanning compounds to repurpose | Pre-clinical | - | Repurposing antiviral drug candidates | Materia Medica / Cyclica / Manin | |
| 163 | Treatment | Scanning compounds to repurpose | Pre-clinical | - | CD24Fc (MK-7110) Scanning compounds to repurpose | Merck | |
| 164 | Treatment | Scanning compounds to repurpose | Pre-clinical | - | Scanning compounds to repurpose | Novartis | |
| 165 | Treatment | Scanning compounds to repurpose | Pre-clinical | - | AI-based screening to identify a peptide cocktail | Nuritas | |
| 166 | Treatment | Scanning compounds to repurpose | Pre-clinical | - | Scanning antiviral compounds previously in development | Pfizer | |
| 167 | Treatment | Scanning compounds to repurpose | Pre-clinical | - | Reviewing existing drugs and compounds through mapping viral-human protein interactions | Quantitative Biosciences Institute Coronavirus Research Group | |
| 168 | Treatment | Scanning compounds to repurpose | Pre-clinical | - | Scanning compounds to repurpose | Queens University Belfast | |
| 169 | Treatment | Scanning compounds to repurpose | Pre-clinical | Identifying drugs to repurpose. Specified drugs: astemizole, clofazamine, remdesivir, chloroquine derivative hanfangchin A (tetrandrine), apilimod, and ONO 5334 | Identifying drugs to repurpose | Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, the University of Hong Kong, Scripps Research, UC San Diego School of Medicine, the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and UCLA | |
| 170 | Treatment | Scanning compounds to repurpose | Pre-clinical | - | Identify novel drugs | Shionogi / Hokkaido University Research Center for Zoonosis Control | |
| 171 | Treatment | Scanning compounds to repurpose | Pre-clinical | - | Screening drug compounds | Southwest Research Institute | |
| 172 | Treatment | Scanning compounds to repurpose | Pre-clinical | - | Scanning compounds to repurpose | Takeda | |
| 173 | Treatment | Scanning compounds to repurpose | Pre-clinical | - | Identifying drugs to repurpose | The Castleman Disease Collaborative Network and the Center for Study & Treatment of Inflammatory Lymphadenopathies | |
| 174 | Treatment | Scanning compounds to repurpose | Pre-clinical | - | Screening of drug compounds | Vanda Pharmaceuticals / University of Illinois at Chicago | |
| 175 | Treatment | Scanning compounds to repurpose | Pre-clinical | - | Identify anti-coronavirus compounds that target cellular host genes | Vir Biotechnology / GSK | |
| 176 | Treatment | Scanning compounds to repurpose | Pre-clinical | - | Identify FDA-approved drugs to repurpose to prevent or treat COVID-19 | Wyss Institute | |
| 177 | Treatment | Other | Clinical | - | Firazyr (icatibant), bradykinin B2 antagonist | I-SPY COVID Trial (Takeda) | |
| 178 | Treatment | Other | Clinical | Phase II enrolling July 2020 | MRx-4DP0004, strain of Bifidobacterium breve isolated from the gut microbiome of a healthy human | 4D Pharma | |
| 179 | Treatment | Other | Clinical | Phase II trial ongoing July 2020; Phase II trials recruitment begin Oct 2020 | senicapoc | Aarhus University | |
| 180 | Treatment | Other | Clinical | Phase IIb/III trial started July 2020, top line results expected in 2020 | ABX464 | Abivax | |
| 181 | Treatment | Other | Clinical | Phase II trial began recruitment July 2020 Patient enrollment began Dec 2020. | Zilucoplan, a synthetic macrocyclic peptide inhibitor of the terminal complement protein C5 | ACCORD trial; University Hospital, Ghent / UCB Pharma | |
| 182 | Treatment | Other | Clinical | Phase II trial started July 2020 | LAM-002A (apilimod dimesylate), PIKfyve kinase inhibitor | AI Therapeutics / Yale University | |
| 183 | Treatment | Other | Clinical | IND submission to FDA in June 2020; FDA approval to begin Phase II trials in Sept 2020 | ADX-1612, HSP 90 inhibitor | Aldeyra Therapeutics | |
| 184 | Treatment | Other | Clinical | IND submission to FDA in June 2020; FDA approval to begin Phase II trials in Sept 2020; Phase II trials to begin 4th qtr 2020; Phase II began Dec 2020. | ADX-629, orally available reactive aldehyde species (RASP) inhibitor | Aldeyra Therapeutics | |
| 185 | Treatment | Other | Clinical | Phase IIb/III trial to start July 2020. Patients enrolled Nov 2020. Patient enrollment complete Dec 2020. | Cerocal (ifenprodil), NP-120, an NDMA receptor glutamate receptor antagonist targeting Glu2NB | Algernon Pharmaceuticals | |
| 186 | Treatment | Other | Clinical | - | Vascepa (icosapent ethyl), a form of eicosapentaenoic acid | Amarin Corp | |
| 187 | Treatment | Other | Clinical | I-SPY COVID-19 TRIAL: An Adaptive Platform Trial for Critically Ill Patients (I-SPY_COVID) starts July 2020. Enrolling patients August 2020. First patients enrolled Dec 2020. | Otezla (apremilast), inhibitor of phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) | Amgen; I-SPY COVID trial / Takeda / AbbieVie | |
| 188 | Treatment | Other | Clinical | Phase II trials ongoing July 2020; Individual expanded access in Austria April 2020 | solnatide (synthetic molecule with a structure based on the lectin-like domain of human Tumour Necrosis Factor alpha) | Apeptico / Medical University Vienna | |
| 189 | Treatment | Other | Clinical | - | dutasteride, anti-androgen | Applied Biology / Brown University / Corpometria Institute | |
| 190 | Treatment | Other | Clinical | Phase II recruiting July 2020; Individual patient expanded access | AT-001, aldose reductase inhibitor | Applied Therapeutics / numerous New York City hospitals | |
| 191 | Treatment | Other | Clinical | FDA and Health Canada approved Phase II trial start in July 2020; Phase II trials approved to begin patient enrollment in Turkey Oct 2020; first patient dosed for Phase II trials in Turkey and US (Louisiana) | Metablok (LSALT peptide), selective dipeptidase-1 antagonist | Arch Biopartners | |
| 192 | Treatment | Other | Clinical | Trial starts April 2020 | ARMS-1 | ARMS Pharmaceutical / UH Cleveland Medical Center / Case Western Reserve University | |
| 193 | Treatment | Other | Clinical | Case series results released June 2020; ACCORD Phase II trial to start May 2020; Phase 2 trial (fostamatinib) starts Sept 2020 | Calquence (acalabrutinib), Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitor | AstraZeneca; ACCORD study / Rigel Pharmaceuticals | |
| 194 | Treatment | Other | Clinical | Phase III study started in April 2020 (AstraZeneca) | Farxiga (dapagliflozin), sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLTs) inhibitor | AstraZeneca / Saint Luke's Mid America Heart Institute; Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust; TACTIC-E trial studying dapagliflozin + ambrisentan | |
| 195 | Treatment | Other | Clinical | Phase II study started in June 2020; Phase 2 enrollment completed Oct 2020 | ATYR1923, fusion protein (immuno-modulatory domain of histidyl tRNA synthetase fused to the Fc region of a human antibody) modulator of neuropilin-2 | aTyr | |
| 196 | Treatment | Other | Clinical | ACCORD trial started June 2020, top line data expected summer 2020 | bemcentinib, selective AXL kinase inhibitor | BerGenBio; ACCORD study | |
| 197 | Treatment | Other | Clinical | Phase II trial recruiting; Individual patient expanded access | Activase (alteplase), tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) | Beth Israel Deaconess, the University of Colorado Anschultz Medical Campus, and Denver Health (Genentech); University College London; Boehringer Ingelheim | |
| 198 | Treatment | Other | Clinical | Phase II trial has recruited one third of enrollees/Trial expanded to EU Dec 2020. | recombinant human plasma gelsolin (rhu-pGSN) | BioAegis Therapeutics Inc. | |
| 199 | Treatment | Other | Clinical | Phase II/III recruiting July 2020 | vazegepant, CGRP receptor antagonist | Biohaven / Thomas Jefferson University | |
| 200 | Treatment | Other | Clinical | - | BIO-11006, inhaled peptide | Biomarck Pharmaceuticals | |
| 201 | Treatment | Other | Clinical | Enrollment completed for Phase II trials | BLD-2660, synthetic small molecule inhibitor of calpain (CAPN) 1, 2, and 9 | Blade Therapeutics | |
| 202 | Treatment | Other | Clinical | Phase II trial recruiting July 2020 | Auxora (CM4620-IE), calcium release-activated calcium (CRAC) channel inhibitor | CalciMedica | |
| 203 | Treatment | Other | Clinical | IND approved Sept 2020 | piclidenoson, A3 adenosine receptor agonist | Can-Fite BioPharma | |
| 204 | Treatment | Other | Clinical | - | Entresto (sacubitril, a neprilysin inhibitor, and valsartan, an angiotensin II receptor blocker) | Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital | |
| 205 | Treatment | Other | Clinical | Phase II/III trial recruiting July 2020 | - | - | |
| 206 | Treatment | Other | Clinical | Phase III trial recruiting July 2020, results expected by the end of 2020 | pacritinib, oral kinase inhibitor with specificity for JAK2, IRAK1 and CSFIR | CTI Biopharma | |
| 207 | Treatment | Other | Clinical | - | roscovitine seliciclib, cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK)2/9 inhibitor | Cyclacel Pharmaceuticals / University of Edinburgh | |
| 208 | Treatment | Other | Clinical | - | fadraciclib (CYC065), cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK)2/9 inhibitor | Cyclacel Pharmaceuticals / University of Edinburgh | |
| 209 | Treatment | Other | Clinical | Safety/efficacy trials began in Italy Oct 2020 | raloxifene (Evista), an estrogen agonist/antagonist | Dompe farmaceutici (as part of Exscalate4CoV) | |
| 210 | Treatment | Other | Clinical | - | Ryanodex (dantrolene sodium), skeletal muscle relaxant | Eagle Pharmaceuticals / Amneal Pharmaceuticals / Alcami Corporation / Hackensack University Medical Center | |
| 211 | Treatment | Other | Clinical | Phase II began in April 2020 | Peginterferon lambda | Eiger BioPharmaceuticals, Inc. / Johns Hopkins University | |
| 212 | Treatment | Other | Clinical | Added to REMAP-COVID trial in June 2020; First patient enrolled in Aug 2020 | Eritoran, TLR-4 antagonist | Eisai | |
| 213 | Treatment | Other | Clinical | Part of Phase II/III Phase TACTIC-E trial and interim data expected 4Q 2020; Phase II US trial to start August 2020 | EDP1815, oral single strain of microbe | Evelo Biosciences / Rutgers University / Robert Wood Johnson University Hospital / TACTIC-E trial (Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust) | |
| 214 | Treatment | Other | Clinical | Phase II and Phase III trials recruiting July 2020 | Gleevac (imatinib), kinase inhibitor | Exvastat Ltd / Global sponsors | |
| 215 | Treatment | Other | Clinical | Results from various trials released June 2020; REMAP-CAP trial recruiting May 2020 | Traumakine (interferon beta 1-a) | Faron Pharmaceuticals / REMAP-CAP global trial / WHO SOLIDARITY trial / various global researchers | |
| 216 | Treatment | Other | Clinical | Phase II study underway in April 2020; Phase II trials recruiting Nov 2020 | Pepcid (famotidine), histamine-2 (H2) receptor antagonist | Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research at Northwell Health / Alchem | |
| 217 | Treatment | Other | Clinical | Phase I topline results released June 2020; IND submitted to FDA Aug 2020 | FSD-201 (ultramicronized palmitoylethanolamide) | FSD Pharma | |
| 218 | Treatment | Other | Clinical | Phase III trial to begin June 2020; Enrollment began for Phase III trials, Phase III trial discontinued March 2020 | losmapimod, oral selective p38 mitogen activated protein kinase inhibitor | Fulcrum Therapeutics | |
| 219 | Treatment | Other | Clinical | - | MSTT1041A (anti-ST2, the receptor for IL-33) | Genentech | |
| 220 | Treatment | Other | Clinical | - | UTTR1147A (IL-22-Fc) | Genentech | |
| 221 | Treatment | Other | Clinical | - | CIGB-258, immunoregulatory peptide, Jusvinza | Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Center (CIGB), Cuba | |
| 222 | Treatment | Other | Clinical | - | TD139, specific inhibitor of galectin-3, inhalation powder | Global research sponsors | |
| 223 | Treatment | Other | Clinical | Phase II trial recruiting July 2020 | Cinvanti (aprepitant), a substance P/neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist | Heron Therapeutics | |
| 224 | Treatment | Other | Clinical | Second trial to start in August 2020; Dosing began Phase II platform/I-SPY trial Sept 2020; Phase II/RESCUE Trial Sept 2020; Phase II Discontinued March 2021 | Razuprotafib, Tie 2 activating compound (AKB-9778) | I-SPY COVID Trial (Aerpio Pharmaceuticals), - RESCUE Trial various academic researchers / Medical Technology Enterprise Consortium (MTEC) | |
| 225 | Treatment | Other | Clinical | Clinical trials to start in Aug 2020; ACTIV-1 1M Phase III trials began Oct 2020 | Cenicriviroc, chemokine receptor 2 and 5 dual antagonist | I-SPY COVID Trial (Allergan); National Center for Advancing Translational Science (NCATS) Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA) | |
| 226 | Treatment | Other | Clinical | Phase II trial started June 2020, top line results expected in 2020, Recruiting Aug 2020 (IMU 838 +Oseltamivir); ; Phase II enrollment began Oct 2020 | IMU-838, selective oral dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH) inhibitor | Immunic, Inc. / University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust | |
| 227 | Treatment | Other | Clinical | Phase Ib trial to start June 2020 | N-803, IL-15 "superagonist" (Nogapendekin alfa inbakicept) | ImmunityBio / NantKwest | |
| 228 | Treatment | Other | Clinical | Phase II trial anticipated to start Q4 2020 | Brilacidin, a defensin mimetic | Innovation Pharmaceuticals | |
| 229 | Treatment | Other | Clinical | Phase II trial cleared by FDA, French and Belgian authorities July 2020; First patient dosed Oct 2020 (COVITREM- 1) | Nangibotide | Inotrem | |
| 230 | Treatment | Other | Clinical | Phase III trial recruiting July 2020 | brensocatib, oral, reversible inhibitor of dipeptidyl peptidase 1 (DPP1) | Insmed Inc. | |
| 231 | Treatment | Other | Clinical | Phase III trial recruiting May 2020 | Rebif (interferon beta-1a) | Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (Merck KGaA); IRCCS San Raffaele; WHO global SOLIDARITY Trial | |
| 232 | Treatment | Other | Clinical | Phase II trial ongoing July 2020 | Xpovio (selinexor), oral, selective inhibitor of nuclear export (SINE) compound | Karyopharm Therapeutics | |
| 233 | Treatment | Other | Clinical | - | EPAspire, oral formulation of highly purified eicosapentaenoic acid free fatty acid (EPA-FFA) in gastro-resistant capsules | KD Pharma / SLA Pharma | |
| 234 | Treatment | Other | Clinical | Phase IV trial recruiting in July 2020 | Flarin (lipid ibuprofen) | King's College London | |
| 235 | Treatment | Other | Clinical | 1st patient enrolled in Brazil Aug 2020; Expanding patient enrollment Oct 2020, Female patient trial enrollment Dec 2020; Approval of investigational new drug application of phase III trial. | proxalutamide (GT0918), anti-androgen | Kintor / Applied Biology | |
| 236 | Treatment | Other | Clinical | Phase II trial recruiting July 2020, FDA approval to start enrollment August 2020 | LAU-7b (fenretinide) | Laurent Pharmaceuticals | |
| 237 | Treatment | Other | Clinical | Massachusetts General Hospital Phase II trial ongoing July 2020; other Phase II trials recruiting July 2020 | Nitric oxide | Massachusetts General Hospital; University of British Columbia; Sanotize Research and Development | |
| 238 | Treatment | Other | Clinical | Phase II trial FDA approved and not yet recruiting July 2020 | MN-166 (ibudilast), orally bioavailable, small molecule macrophase migration inhibitory factor (MIF) inhibitor and phosphodiesterase (PDE) -4 and -10 inhibitor | - | |
| 239 | Treatment | Other | Clinical | Phase II to start in August 2020; Phase II began Oct 2020 | ivermectin | MedinCell / University of Utah / Surgisphere Corp; University of Baghdad; Tanta University; other global research sponsors | |
| 240 | Treatment | Other | Clinical | Gates Foundation trial results expected by end of summer 2020; Phase III trials began Oct 2020 in Canada | - | - | |
| 241 | Treatment | Other | Clinical | Veterans observational study ongoing July 2020; Phase IV trials recruiting July 2020 | Diovan (valsartan), angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB) | - | |
| 242 | Treatment | Other | Clinical | Phase I/II, Phase II, and Phase III trials recruiting in May 2020; Phase II (CAMELOT Trial) enrollment began Nov 2020 | camostat mesylate, transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2) inhibitor, approved in Japan to treat multiple conditions including pancreatitis | Multiple global research sponsors, including UK SPIKE-1 trial | |
| 243 | Treatment | Other | Clinical | - | nafamostat, approved in Japan to treat pancreatitis and other diseases | Multiple global research sponsors, including University of Tokyo / National Center for Global Health and Medicine / Ensysce Biosciences / Institut Pasteur Korea / Daiichi Sankyo (inhalation formulation) / University of Edinburgh | |
| 244 | Treatment | Other | Clinical | Phase II/III/IV trials began June 2020; Sept 2020 | - | Multiple global research sponsors; ACCORD Trial | |
| 245 | Treatment | Other | Clinical | Eli Lilly Phase III trial started June 2020; NIAID trial remdesivir + baricitinib recruiting May 2020, Received Emergency Use Authorization from the FDA in Nov 2020 | Olumiant (baricitinib), Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitor | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease (NIAID)'s Adaptive COVID-19 Treatment Trial; Nova Scotia Health Authority; Hospital of Prato; University of Colorado (Eli Lilly); TACTIC-R trial | |
| 246 | Treatment | Other | Clinical | Phase I trial cleared by FDA July 2020; Second study for NT-I7 approved by FDA. Patient dosing began 2020. | NT-I7 (efineptakin alfa), long-acting human IL-7 | NeoImmune Tech / NIAID / University of Nebraska Medical Center | |
| 247 | Treatment | Other | Clinical | Phase II/III trial ongoing July 2020; FDA grants Fast Track Designation June 2020; Expanded access protocols | Aviptadil, synthetic form of Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide (RLF-100) | NeuroRx / Relief Therapeutics / Thomas Jefferson University Hospital / NYU Langone Health / Houston Methodist Hospital | |
| 248 | Treatment | Other | Clinical | Phase III trials for ACTIV-4 Antithrombotics launched Sept 2020; Recruitment began for Phase III trial Nov 2020 | Apixaban (Eliquis) blood thinner, direct oral anticoagulant | NIH ACTIV-4 Antithrombotics / nonprofit organizations / numerous biopharmaceutical companies | |
| 249 | Treatment | Other | Clinical | Novartis/Incyte Phase III trial started April 2020; Expanded access protocols | Jakafi/jakavi (ruxolitinib) | Novartis / Incyte, numerous researchers globally | |
| 250 | Treatment | Other | Clinical | Phase I/II to start in Q4 2020; Phase I IV trials expected 1st QTR 2021 | ST266, cell-free biologic made from anti-inflammatory proteins secreted by placental cells | Noveome Biotherapeutics / Singota Solutions | |
| 251 | Treatment | Other | Clinical | Phase I started July 2020; Phase I approved in Austrilia for NOXCOVID-1 trial to begin at clinical sites in Ukraine and Moldova | Veyonda (idronoxil) | Noxopharm | |
| 252 | Treatment | Other | Clinical | Phase III trial recruiting May 2020 | Recombinant human interferon alpha-1b | Numerous global sponsors | |
| 253 | Treatment | Other | Clinical | Open-label Greek study results published June 2020 | colchicine | Numerous research sponsors globally | |
| 254 | Treatment | Other | Clinical | Phase II recruiting July 2020; Individual patient expanded access | dipyridamole (Persantine), anticoagulant | Numerous research sponsors globally | |
| 255 | Treatment | Other | Clinical | WHO discontinues hydroxychloquine arm in the SOLIDARITY trial July 2020; FDA revoked the March 28, 2020 Emergency Use Authorization on June 15, 2020; RECOVERY trial prelim results released June 2020, trial arm stopped | Chloroquine/ Hydroxychloroquine, antimalarial | Numerous trials with global research sponsors including World Health Organization SOLIDARITY trial; ORCHID trial with National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); REMAP-CAP global trial; Novartis; PRINCIPLE trial | |
| 256 | Treatment | Other | Clinical | Phase III trial to begin July 2020 | Methylprednisolone/ ciclesonide (Alvesco)/ hydrocortisone/ corticosteroids | Numerous trials with research sponsors globally; University of Oxford RECOVERY trial; REMAP-CAP global trial; Covis Pharma B.V. | |
| 257 | Treatment | Other | Clinical | Phase II trial currently recruiting patients | VentaProst, inhaled epoprostenol delivered via a dedicated delivery system | Ohio State University | |
| 258 | Treatment | Other | Clinical | Phase III trial progress report released in June 2020 | CD24Fc, biological immunomodulator (nonpolymorphic regions of CD24 attached to the Fc region of human IgG1) | OncoImmune | |
| 259 | Treatment | Other | Clinical | Phase I/II trial cleared by FDA in May 2020; Individual expanded access results released May 2020 | Organicell Flow, acellular product derived from amniotic fluid | Organicell Regenerative Medicine | |
| 260 | Treatment | Other | Clinical | FDA agreed to Phase II June 2020; patient enrollment began Sept 2020 | OP-101, dendrimer-based therapy | Orpheris (Ashvattha Therapeutics) | |
| 261 | Treatment | Other | Clinical | - | PP-001 | Panoptes Pharma GmbH | |
| 262 | Treatment | Other | Clinical | Phase II and Phase IV trials recruiting July 2020, enrollment for Phase II began August 2020 | Leukine (sargramostim, rhu-Granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor ) | Partner Therapeutics / Singapore General Hospital / University Hospital, Ghent | |
| 263 | Treatment | Other | Clinical | Pfizer and other Phase II trial not yet recruiting July 2020 | Xeljanz (tofacitinib), Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitor | Pfizer; other global research sponsors | |
| 264 | Treatment | Other | Clinical | Phase I trial recruiting July 2020; Trials in Korea to start 3Q 2020 | Aplidin (plitidepsin), approved in Australia to treat multiple myeloma | PharmaMar / Boryung Pharmaceutical / Hospitals in Spain | |
| 265 | Treatment | Other | Clinical | Phase II trial not yet recruiting July 2020; compassionate use; 2nd Phase II open label trial to start Sept 2020. First patient enrolled Dec 2020. | Ruconest (recombinant human C1 esterase inhibitor) | Pharming | |
| 266 | Treatment | Other | Clinical | Phase II trial started July 2020 and results in Q4 2020. Clinical trial terminated Dec 2020. | PB1046, long-acting, sustained release human vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) analogue | PhaseBio | |
| 267 | Treatment | Other | Clinical | Phase II/III trial initiated in Australia November 2020 | PTC299, oral small molecule inhibitor of dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH) | PTC Therapeutics | |
| 268 | Treatment | Other | Clinical | Phase II trials recruiting July 2020 | PUL-042 inhalation solution | Pulmotect | |
| 269 | Treatment | Other | Clinical | - | azithromycin, antibiotic | RECOVERY trial and multiple global research sponsors | |
| 270 | Treatment | Other | Clinical | Phase II/III trials in Russia and UK to start in July 2020; Phase IIa in US ongoing in July 2020; Preliminary data from individual patient expanded access released in April 2020; ; Phase II/III approved for trials in Mexico, UK, Italy, and Russia | - | - | |
| 271 | Treatment | Other | Clinical | Phase II/III trials begin 4th qtr 2020 | RHB-107 (upamostat, WX-671), serine protease inhibitor | - | |
| 272 | Treatment | Other | Clinical | - | Levaquin (levofloxacin), a fluoroquinolone antibacterial | REMAP-CAP trial | |
| 273 | Treatment | Other | Clinical | - | ceftriaxone, broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic | REMAP-CAP trial | |
| 274 | Treatment | Other | Clinical | phase 3 clinical candidate with safety data in more than 4,000 subjects. Resverlogix has announced plans for an open-label study to assess the safety and efficacy of apabetalone in the treatment of COVID-19. | apabetalone (RVX-208), selective BET (bromodomain and extra-terminal) inhibitor | Resverlogix | |
| 275 | Treatment | Other | Clinical | Phase III Trial began Nov 2020. | Bucillamine, a cysteine derivative thiol-based drug | Revive Therapeutics, Ltd. | |
| 276 | Treatment | Other | Clinical | Phase II/III and Phase III trials recruiting July 2020 | nitazoxanide, antiprotozoal | Romark Laboratories; various researchers globally | |
| 277 | Treatment | Other | Clinical | - | - | SciTech Development, LLC | |
| 278 | Treatment | Other | Clinical | Phase II trial started June 2020, results expected by October | AQCH, plant-derived (phytopharmaeutical) drug | Sun Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd | |
| 279 | Treatment | Other | Clinical | Some trial results released June 2020 | Kineret (anakinra), interleukin-1 receptor antagonist | Swedish Orphan Biovitrum / REMAP-CAP global trial / Numerous global trial sponsors | |
| 280 | Treatment | Other | Clinical | Phase II trial initial results released July 2020 | SNG001, inhaled formulation of interferon beta-1a | Synairgen / University of Southampton | |
| 281 | Treatment | Other | Clinical | Danish Medicines Agency approved a Phase I trial July 2020 (UN9011, Union Therapeutics); Daewoong to apply for Phase I trial in Korea in July 2020; FDA cleared to begin clinical trials in Aug 2020; Dosing completed in Aug 2020 | UNI9011 (Union Therapeutics), FW-1022 (First Wave Bio), DWRX2003 (Daewoong) niclosamide | Union Therapeutics / Institute Pasteur Korea / Daewoong Therapeutics; First Wave Bio / ANA Therapeutics | |
| 282 | Treatment | Other | Clinical | Phase II recruiting July 2020 | Lysteda/Cyklokapron/LB1148 (tranexamic acid), an antifibrinolytic | University of Alabama at Birmingham; Leading Biosciences | |
| 283 | Treatment | Other | Clinical | Phase II trial recruiting July 2020. Patient enrollment complete Dec 2020. | APN01; recombinant soluble human Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 | University of British Columbia / Apeiron Biologics | |
| 284 | Treatment | Other | Clinical | Phase II Univ. of Hawaii trial started June 2020 | Micardis (telmisartan) | University of Hawaii (Boehringer Ingelheim); other global research sponsors | |
| 285 | Treatment | Other | Clinical | - | tradipitant, a neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist | Vanda Pharmaceuticals / Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research at Northwell Health | |
| 286 | Treatment | Other | Clinical | - | Aldactone (spironolactone), aldosterone antagonist | Various global research sponsors | |
| 287 | Treatment | Other | Clinical | Observational trial completed April in France;, Phase III trial recruiting Sept 2020 in France | almitrine | Various researchers globally, including University of Oxford | |
| 288 | Treatment | Other | Clinical | FDA IND application accepted for Phase Ia/II open label safety trials began in summer 2020; First patient dosed for Phase I trial Sept 2020 (Brequinar); Phase II recruitment began Nov 2020 (CRISIS 2) | leflunomide, pyrimidine synthesis inhibitor; Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase inhibitor (DHODH- Brequinar) | Various researchers worldwide, including Ashford and St Peters Hospital NHS Trust / Guangdong Uni-Innovation Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd. / Clear Creek Bio, LLC / BMS | |
| 289 | Treatment | Other | Clinical | Phase III trials recruiting June 2020 | Pulmozyme (nebulised dornase alfa), a recombinant DNase enzyme | Various researchers worldwide, including University College London / The Francis Crick Institute (COVASE study) / I-SPY COVID trial | |
| 290 | Treatment | Other | Clinical | Phase II dosing began of ATTRACT study in India | VP01, C21, Angiotensin II Type 2 receptor activator | Vicore Pharma | |
| 291 | Treatment | Other | Clinical | Phase II trial recruiting July 2020 | merimepodib, IMPDH inhibitor | ViralClear Pharmaceuticals | |
| 292 | Treatment | Other | Clinical | Phase II trial recruiting May 2020; Phase II trial completed Oct 2020 | Luvox (fluvoxamine), a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor | Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis / Covid-19 Early Treatment Fund (CETF) | |
| 293 | Treatment | Other | Clinical | Phase II/III enrolling May 2020. Phase III began Dec 2020. | - | - | |
| 294 | Treatment | Other | Clinical | Phase IIb trials approved to start in Mexico July 2020 | desidustat, a hypoxia inducible factor prolyl hydroxylase inhibitor | Zydus Cadila / Avant Sante Research Center | |
| 295 | Treatment | Other | Pre-clinical | Phase 2 ACTIV-5 Big Effect Trial (BET-B) began Oct 2020 | risankizumab monoclonal antibody & remdesivir + lenzilumab | ACTIV-5 / BET-B for COVID-19 / National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease (NIAID) / Boehringer Ingelheim / AbbVie | |
| 296 | Treatment | Other | Pre-clinical | - | - | BioIncept | |
| 297 | Treatment | Other | Pre-clinical | - | BXT-25; glycoprotein | Bioxytran | |
| 298 | Treatment | Other | Pre-clinical | Animal study results released July 2020 | LEAPS COVID 19 conjugate; Peptides targeting the NP protein | CEL-SCI / University of Georgia Center for Vaccines and Immunology | |
| 299 | Treatment | Other | Pre-clinical | - | DIBI, iron-binding polymer | Chelation Partners | |
| 300 | Treatment | Other | Pre-clinical | Invite only intervention trial Sept 2020 | Tricor (fenofibrate), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) alpha agonist | Hebrew University of Jerusalem / University of Pennsylvania / University Arizona | |
| 301 | Treatment | Other | Pre-clinical | - | New drug based on a sugar found in human milk | Lupa Bio, Inc. | |
| 302 | Treatment | Other | Pre-clinical | FDA cleared Phase 2 trial to begin in June 2020; Phase 2 recruitment began Aug 2020 | M5049, small molecule that block the activation of Toll-like receptor (TLR)7 and TLR8 | Merck KGaA | |
| 303 | Treatment | Other | Pre-clinical | - | PCSK9, Peptides | Merck / IRBM / RaPharma | |
| 304 | Treatment | Other | Pre-clinical | - | WP1122, glucose decoy prodrug (and related drug candidates) | Moleculin Biotech / University of Texas Medical Branch / Sterling Pharma USA | |
| 305 | Treatment | Other | Pre-clinical | - | A number of synthesized nanoviricide drug candidates | NanoViricides / TheraCour Pharma Inc. | |
| 306 | Treatment | Other | Pre-clinical | - | Adaptive COVID-19 Treatment Trial 3 (ACTT-3), Remdesivir + interferon beta-1a | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease (NIAID) | |
| 307 | Treatment | Other | Pre-clinical | Phase I trial to start July 2020; First patient dosed Sept 2020 | Nocions, molecules that either selectively block Nav 1.7 or antagonize large-pore channels | Nocion Therapeutics | |
| 308 | Treatment | Other | Pre-clinical | - | Microbiome therapeutic | Persephone Biosciences | |
| 309 | Treatment | Other | Pre-clinical | - | pH barrier, transepithelial nebulized alkaline treatment | pHbarrier | |
| 310 | Treatment | Other | Pre-clinical | - | Neumifil, multivalent carbohydrate binding molecules | Pneumagen Ltd. | |
| 311 | Treatment | Other | Pre-clinical | - | GP1681, small molecule inhibitor of cytokine release | Quotient Sciences / CytoAgents | |
| 312 | Treatment | Other | Pre-clinical | FDA IIT approved was granted Aug 2020 for use in COVID patients, First patient dosed in Dec 2020. | Silmitasertib, small molecule drug, targets CK2 & CK2-inhibitor | Senhwa Biosciences, Inc | |
| 313 | Treatment | Other | Pre-clinical | - | Coronzot, a novel family of drugs, sequestration of the labile iron | Silkim Pharma | |
| 314 | Treatment | Device | Clinical | FDA issued an Emergency Use Authorization for Impella heart pumps in COVID-19 therapy on May 29, 2020 | Impella RP heart pump | Abiomed | |
| 315 | Treatment | Device | Clinical | Phase III (COViNOX Study) Trials began Summer/Fall 2020 | Hemolung Respiratory Assist System | ALung Technologies | |
| 316 | Treatment | Device | Clinical | FDA issued an Emergency Use Authorization on April 23, 2020 | Oxiris Blood Purification Filter | Baxter | |
| 317 | Treatment | Device | Clinical | Phase III (COViNOX Study) Trials began Summer/Fall 2020 | INOpulse | Bellerophon; Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center | |
| 318 | Treatment | Device | Clinical | Phase II trial enrolling July 2020 | LungFit (with ultra-high concentrations of nitric oxide) | Beyond Air Ltd | |
| 319 | Treatment | Device | Clinical | Intervention trial started May 2020; Recruitment began Oct 2020 | CytoSorb (blood purification device, extracorporeal cytokine adsorber)) | CytoSorbents Corporation | |
| 320 | Treatment | Device | Clinical | FDA granted Emergency Use Authorization July 10, 2020 | gammaCore Sapphire CV, vagus nerve stimulation device | electroCore | |
| 321 | Treatment | Device | Clinical | FDA issued an Emergency Use Authorization on April 17, 2020 | Seraph100MicrobindAffinity Blood Filter (Seraphy 100), approved in the EU for pathogen reduction | ExThera Medical | |
| 322 | Treatment | Device | Clinical | FDA issued an Emergency Use Authorization on April 30, 2020 | MultiFiltrate PRO System and multiBic/multiPlus Solutions, continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) | Fresenius Medical | |
| 323 | Treatment | Device | Clinical | FDA issued an Emergency Use Authorization on April 9, 2020 | Extracorporeal blood purification (EBP) devices, Spectra Optia® Apheresis System combined with D2000 Adsorption Cartridge | Terumo BCT Inc / Marker Therapeutics AG | |
| 324 | Treatment | Antibodies | Clinical | Developer has intiated and begun to enroll participants in proof-of-concept trial with hospitalized COVID patients | abatacept (Orencia) | Bristol Myers Squibb | |
| S No | Type | Strategy | Stage | Phase | Details | Developer |
Updated: March 26, 2021.
COVID-19 Clinical Trials: An Overview
Researchers and clinicians all over the world have reacted to the COVID-19 pandemic and the ensuing public health crisis with a colossal worldwide effort to discover a treatment. With increasing number of global cases and fatalities, the world waits for positive results from these ongoing trials. Several existing antivirals, traditional and alternative medicines, investigative or repurposed compounds, support devices as well as procedures, supplements are being explored in the context of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
The pandemic has changed the way trials are being conducted, with several radical changes in terms of recruitment, obtaining consent remotely, telemedical monitoring and implementation of more innovative trial designs. There is a need to make these positive changes instigated by the pandemic sustainable [1].
The World Health Organization’s International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (WHO ICTRP) ensures that “a complete view of research is accessible to all those involved in health care decision making”. Information in the WHO ICTRP comprises of structured data from several major clinical trial databases from countries or regions of the world, including but not limited to the ClinicalTrials.gov [2], Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (ChiCTR) [3], The Clinical Trials Registry- India (CTRI) [4], Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials [5], European Union Clinical Trials Register [6] and the ISRCTN register [7].
As of November 10, 2020, there are 6533 trials registered in the WHO ICRTRP database for COVID-19, with 3850 Interventional trials and rest comprising majorly of Observational studies (2594), Diagnosis tests (48), and others [8].
Of note, is the SOLIDARITY trial [9]. Solidarity is an international clinical trial to help find an effective treatment for COVID-19, launched by the WHO and partners. The Solidarity Trial tests various options against standard of care to assess their effectiveness against COVID-19. Based on evidence from laboratory, animal and clinical studies, the following treatment options were selected – Remdesivir, Lopinavir/Ritonavir, Lopinavir/Ritonavir with Interferon beta-1a, Chloroquine or Hydroxychloroquine. Other drugs can be added based on emerging evidence. By October, the Phase II/III SOLIDARITY trial for COVID-19 was the world’s largest randomized clinical trial for the treatment of COVID-19, with 11,266 patients enrolled from 405 hospitals located in more than 30 countries. The Solidarity Trial published interim results on 15 October 2020. It found that all 4 treatments evaluated (remdesivir, hydroxychloroquine, lopinavir/ritonavir and interferon) had little or no effect on overall mortality, initiation of ventilation and duration of hospital stay in hospitalized patients. So far, only corticosteroids have been proven effective against severe and critical COVID-19. Previously, on 4 July 2020, WHO had accepted the recommendation from the Solidarity Trial’s International Steering Committee to discontinue the trial’s hydroxychloroquine and lopinavir/ritonavir arms.
The US FDA has created a special emergency program for possible coronavirus therapies, the Coronavirus Treatment Acceleration Program (CTAP). As per the program guidelines, it aims to use every available method to move new treatments to patients as quickly as possible, while at the same time finding out whether they are helpful or harmful [10]. The CTAP Dashboard provides users with a snapshot of development of potential COVID-19 therapeutics. As of October 31, 2020, the CTAP dashboard lists 560+ available therapies with 370+ clinical trials reviewed, with 5 of the available therapies approved for Emergency Use. Only one among the therapies have been FDA approved so far (Figure 1).
Figure 1: Treatments reviewed by CTAP – Numbers correspond to number of safe to proceed INDs. Excludes INDs related to vaccines (Source: CTAP dashboard [10]). There were 90+ early stage trials and 270+ late stage (Phase 2-4) trials from U. S. included in the analysis.
As per FDA classification, the categories in this bar chart span several categories –
- Antiviral drugs keep viruses from multiplying and are used to treat many viral infections (such as HIV, Herpes, Hepatitis C, and influenza).
- Immunomodulators are aimed at tamping down the body’s own immune reaction to the virus, in cases where the body’s reaction basically goes overboard and starts attacking the patient’s own organs.
- Neutralizing antibody therapies may help individuals fight the virus and include manufactured antibodies, animal-sourced antibody therapies, and blood-derived products such as convalescent plasma and hyperimmune globulin, which contain antibodies taken from people who have previously had COVID-19.
- Cell therapy products include cellular immunotherapies and other types of both autologous and allogeneic cells, such as stem cells, and related products.
- Gene therapy products seek to modify or manipulate the expression of a gene or to alter the biological properties of living cells for therapeutic use.
The Accelerating COVID-19 Therapeutic Interventions and Vaccines (ACTIV) partnership [11] was announced on April 17, 2020 by National Institutes of Health (NIH), with coordination by the Foundation for the National Institutes of Health (FNIH) involving a collaboration among government and industry partners, including FDA, to prioritize vaccine and therapeutic candidates, streamline clinical trials, and rapidly expand the clinical research resources focused on developing therapies [12]. ACTIV continues to grow and now involves several academic and industry partners (20 biopharmaceutical companies), and up to 8 different government agencies. ACTIV also works closely with other COVID-19 efforts, including FDA and BARDA’s Medical Countermeasures Task Force, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, the Wellcome Trust, the European Commission, the UK government, and the World Health Organization.
Several tracker projects [13, 14] classify trials based on strategies tested against COVID-19. Analysis of major categories highlights the top treatments being investigated world-wide as shown in Figure 2.
Figure 2: A comparison of treatments as a measure of trials they are part of, as on 11 November 2020. Data was obtained from WHO ICTRP [8] and Trials Tracker Projects [13, 14].
Ever since the first clinical trial was registered early this year, trial registrations have seen an unprecedented pace. The number of registrations on a daily basis since early January 2020 is shown in Figure 3.
Figure 3: The pandemic pace of clinical trial registrations on leading platforms, as per data obtained from WHO ICTRP [8] on 10 November 2020.
For a routinely updated list of all clinical trials with details and links to the registry page, please visit the adjacent tab “List of Clinical Trials”.
Last Updated: November 14, 2020.
References:
- Gaba, P., Bhatt, D.L. The COVID-19 pandemic: a catalyst to improve clinical trials. Nat Rev Cardiol (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41569-020-00439-7
- ClinicalTrials.gov Registry. https://clinicaltrials.gov/
- Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (ChiCTR). http://www.chictr.org.cn/abouten.aspx
- The Clinical Trials Registry- India (CTRI). http://ctri.nic.in/Clinicaltrials/login.php
- Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials. https://www.irct.ir/
- European Union Clinical Trials Register. https://www.clinicaltrialsregister.eu/ctr-search/search
- ISRCTN register. https://www.isrctn.com/
- World Health Organization’s International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (WHO ICTRP). https://www.who.int/ictrp/en/
- “Solidarity” clinical trial for COVID-19 treatments. https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/global-research-on-novel-coronavirus-2019-ncov/solidarity-clinical-trial-for-covid-19-treatments
- Coronavirus Treatment Acceleration Program (CTAP) | FDA. https://www.fda.gov/drugs/coronavirus-covid-19-drugs/coronavirus-treatment-acceleration-program-ctap
- ACCELERATING COVID-19 THERAPEUTIC INTERVENTIONS AND VACCINES (ACTIV). https://www.nih.gov/research-training/medical-research-initiatives/activ
- NIH to launch public-private partnership to speed COVID-19 vaccine and treatment options. https://www.nih.gov/news-events/news-releases/nih-launch-public-private-partnership-speed-covid-19-vaccine-treatment-options
- The TrialsTracker project dashboard. http://covid19.trialstracker.net/
- Global Coronavirus COVID-19 Clinical Trial Tracker. https://covidtrialstracker.org/
COVID-19 Global Funding Response
The world is facing an unprecedented challenge with communities and economies everywhere affected by the growing COVID-19 pandemic. IMF estimates suggest that, for each month the pandemic persists, $500 billion is lost from the global economy. The world is coming together to combat the COVID-19 pandemic bringing together governments, organizations and individuals from across industries and sectors to help respond to this global outbreak. The outpour of global solidarity and support sparked by this shared challenge has been phenomenal.
An analysis of data available on the Devex funding database reveals over $20.8 trillion committed to the COVID-19 response to date. Since the beginning of 2020, governments, bilateral and multilateral donors, development banks, philanthropic organizations, and the private sector have all played a role in contributing money, equipment, expertise, and more. As of March 7, 2021, investments totaling $221.4 billion have been made through 1,184 program announcements and 968 grants have supported $4 billion worth of investment. As for business opportunities, 2,684 tenders have seen $5.6 billion invested through program delivery and service partners, while 1,715 contracts have delivered $2.5 billion on the ground.
The WHO Strategic Preparedness and Response Plan outlines a funding need of at least US$675 million for critical response efforts in countries most in need of help through April 2020. People and organizations who want to help fight the pandemic and support WHO and partners can now donate through the COVID-Solidarity Response Fund for WHO at www.COVID19ResponseFund.org. Over US$242 million has already been raised as of 24 February, 2021 from more than 661,000 individuals, companies and philanthropies.
The Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI) is a global alliance financing and coordinating the development of vaccines against emerging infectious diseases. CEPI has a $3.5 billion plan of action to substantially reduce global epidemic and pandemic risk. CEPI has already played a central role in the global response to the pandemic, creating the world’s largest portfolio of COVID-19 vaccines and helping to make 2 billion doses accessible to 190 countries through COVAX in 2021. CEPI will by the end of March 2021 also launch a Call for Proposals to provide US $200m funding for an ‘all-in-one’ vaccine that could protect against a broad range of coronaviruses, including SARS, MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2. CEPI has received support from founding member Norway (US$210 million), UK government (US$270 million), Government of Belgium (US$5.5 million), Government of Canada (US$28.2 million), Greece (US$1.6 million) and German Government’s Federal Ministry (US$157 million).
CEPI, alongside Gavi and the World Health Organisation, launched COVAX – the vaccines pillar of the ACT Accelerator – with the aim of ending the acute phase of the pandemic by the end of 2021. The Access to COVID-19 Tools ACT-Accelerator, is a new, ground-breaking global collaboration to accelerate the development, production, and equitable access to COVID-19 tests, treatments, and vaccines. It was set up in response to a call from G20 leaders in March and launched by the WHO, European Commission, France and The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation in April 2020. COVAX is the solution that will deliver fair, equitable access to vaccines for every country that participates. Together the aim is to produce 2 billion doses of vaccine and distribute them globally and fairly in 2021. COVAX, the vaccines pillar of the Access to COVID-19 Tools (ACT) Accelerator, is co-led by the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI), Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance Gavi) and the World Health Organization (WHO) – working in partnership with developed and developing country vaccine manufacturers, UNICEF, the World Bank, and others. It is the only global initiative that is working with governments and manufacturers to ensure COVID-19 vaccines are available worldwide to both higher-income and lower-income countries.
To date, CEPI has secured financial support from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Wellcome Trust, the European Commission, and the governments of Australia, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Ethiopia, Germany, Japan, Mexico, Norway and the United Kingdom. In response to call the Governments of Austria, Australia, Belgium, Canada, European Commission, Finland, France, Greece, Germany, Iceland, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Norway, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Serbia, Spain, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom, alongside private sector companies and donations through the UN Foundation COVID-19 Solidarity Response Fund, have pledged $1.4 billion in financial contributions.
Through the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, the Microsoft founder and philanthropist plan to help fund factories for promising vaccines, even before seeing conclusive data. The foundation has committed more than $350 million to support the global response to COVID-19. This includes $100 million to Gavi’s new COVID-19 Vaccine Advance Market Commitment, to support its future efforts to deliver COVID-19 vaccines to lower-income countries. In addition to the more than $350 million committed, the foundation will also leverage a portion of its Strategic Investment Fund, which addresses market failures and helps make it attractive for private enterprise to develop affordable and accessible health products. For example, the foundation is collaborating with Gavi and the Serum Institute of India to accelerate the manufacture and delivery of up to 100 million doses of COVID-19 vaccines for low- and middle-income countries. $150 million came from the Strategic Investment Fund. The Gates Foundation, along with Wellcome and Mastercard, are the founding funders of the COVID-19 Therapeutics Accelerator. The Accelerator is intended to play a catalytic role by accelerating and evaluating new and repurposed drugs to respond to COVID-19 in the immediate term, and other viruses in the longer-term – up to $50 million of the commitment will go towards supporting the COVID-19 Therapeutics Accelerator.
Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA) part of the HHS Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response, was established to aid in securing our nation from chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear (CBRN) threats, as well as from pandemic influenza (PI) and emerging infectious diseases (EID). BARDA supports the transition of medical countermeasures such as vaccines, drugs, and diagnostics from research through advanced development towards consideration for approval by the FDA and inclusion into the Strategic National Stockpile. BARDA has updated its Broad Agency Announcements (BAAs) to focus exclusively on addressing the COVID-19 threat. BARDA’s annual budget of $512 Million has been supplemented by an additional $3.5 billion through the recently passed Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security (CARES) Act. The additional funding is allocated for necessary expenses of manufacturing, production, and purchase of various supplies and services. AstraZeneca recently received $1B in BARDA funding to advance vaccine. Another leading candidate, Moderna received $483 million BARDA award for vaccine development, while it awarded $450 million to Janssen Pharmaceuticals, a division of Johnson & Johnson, to develop a vaccine.
On 4 May 2020, the EU and its partners hosted an international pledging conference which has now raised €9.8 billion in pledges from donors worldwide to kick-start the global cooperation. This includes a pledge of €1.4 billion from the Commission of which €1 billion comes from Horizon 2020. The EU plays a central role is supporting and coordinating research on infectious diseases, with €4.1 billion invested from 2007 to 2019 through the 7th Framework Programme and Horizon 2020, which foresees further commitments in 2020 in addition to the €1 billion pledge for coronavirus research. This has included initiatives to coordinate European efforts to address antimicrobial resistance, as well as preparedness and emergency response to outbreaks (Ebola, Zika). From the Horizon 2020, €818 million has already been mobilised, and a further €205 million has been pledged. The funds already mobilized includes €100 million contribution to Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI) (€50 million were mobilised + €50 million in the final approval process).
The Board of Directors of the European Investment Bank (EIB) has agreed on the structure and business approach of the Pan-European Guarantee Fund (EGF) to tackle the economic consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic. The Fund was endorsed by the European Council as part of the overall EU COVID-19 response package. It will enable the EIB Group to scale up its support for mostly small and medium-sized European companies, providing up to €200 billion of additional financing.
The Global Fund, the largest multilateral funder of health systems worldwide, is providing immediate funding of up to US$1 billion to help countries fight COVID-19, mitigate the impacts on lifesaving HIV, TB and malaria programs, and prevent fragile health systems from being overwhelmed. Under the World Health Organization’s leadership, the Global Fund is using its experience working with partners and governments in more than 100 countries to coordinate our response on a massive global scale.
Multiple National Institutes of Health (NIH) Institutes have issued a Notice of Special Interest (NOSI) to provide funding for research topics related to COVID-19. National Institute on Aging (NIA), National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), The National Heart, Lung, Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS), National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), and National Institute of Drug Abuse (NIDA) are providing opportunities under the NIH.
Updated: March 12, 2021.
The following table lists funding opportunities listed on various public platforms including the NIH grants, JHU, Frontiers, and Brown University COVID-19 funding databases.
| No. | Sponsor | Program | Amount | Deadline |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | National Institutes of Health (NIH) - NCI, NCCIH, NHGRI, NIAID, NICHD, NIDDK, NIEHS, NIGMS, NIMHD, NIBIB,NCATS | Emergency Competitive Revision to Existing NIH Awards (Emergency Supplement – Clinical Trial Optional) | Not limited | See Emergency Notice of Special Interest by IC |
| 2 | COVID-19 Early Treatment Fund (CETF) | Funding for Outpatient Trials | Up to $1M | Currently accepting applications |
| 3 | Cisco | Pandemic/COVID-19 Science, Technology and Social Impact | Unspecified | Unspecified |
| 4 | Autism Speaks | COVID-19 Call for Resources | N/A | Unspecified |
| 5 | Biogen Foundation (typically funds Boston, MA & Research Triangle,NC) | COVID-19 Response | Unspecified (up to $10M in total funding) | Unspecified (accepting applications) |
| 6 | Draper Richards Kaplan Foundation | EWDRK Covid-19 Urgent Response Initiative (CURI) | $50,000-$100,000 (CURI invests 25% maximum of total) | Unspecified |
| 7 | Merck KGaA (Germany) | Research Grant for Pandemic Preparedness | 1,500,000 Euros | Applications accepted on a rolling basis |
| 8 | Mozilla | COVID-19 Solutions Fund | $50,000 | Applications accepted on a rolling basis |
| 9 | Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute (PCORI) | PCORI Funding Opportunity for COVID-19-Related Enhancements to Existing PCORI-Funded Engagement Awards | $150,000 | Applications accepted on a rolling basis |
| 10 | Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute (PCORI) | PCORI Funding Opportunity for COVID-19-Related Enhancements to Existing PCORI-Funded Research Projects | $500,000 | Applications accepted on a rolling basis |
| 11 | National Institutes of Health (NIH) - NINDS | Supplements For Research on Biological Effects of the 2019 Novel Coronavirus on the Nervous System | $200,000 (direct costs) | Applications accepted until 4/14/2021 |
| 12 | National Institutes of Health (NIH) - NIAID | Notice of Special Interest (NOSI) regarding the Availability of Emergency Competitive Revisions for Select Research Activities related to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) | Budgets should reflect the actual needs | Applications accepted until 7/2/2021 |
| 13 | National Institutes of Health (NIH) - NIAID | Limited Competition Emergency Awards: Shared Personal Protective Equipment Resources for COVID-19 Related Vaccine and Treatment Clinical Trials and Clinical Studies (S10 Clinical Trial Not Allowed) | Budgets should reflect actual needs (direct costs only) | Applications accepted until 7/8/2021 |
| 14 | National Institutes of Health (NIH) - NIA, NIAID, NIDDK, NIDA, NIMH, NIEHS, NICHD, NIAAA, NIBIB, NHGRI, NIMHD, NCATS, NIDCH, NCI | Urgent Competitive Revision to Existing NIH Grants and Cooperative Agreements (Urgent Supplement – Clinical Trial Optional) | Must reflect your needs | Varies by awarding IC |
| 15 | Department of Energy (DOE) | Invitation for COVID-19 Scientific questions | DOE Resources | 3/18/2020 (reviews start 3/18 but accepted on a rolling basis) |
| 16 | National Institutes of Health (NIH) - NIDA | Notice of Special Interest (NOSI) regarding the Availability of Administrative Supplements and Urgent Competitive Revisions for Research on the 2019 Novel Coronavirus | $100K direct costs/yr | 3/19/2020 (applications accepted through 3/31/2021) |
| 17 | National Institutes of Health (NIH) - NIDA | Notice of Special Interest (NOSI) regarding the Availability of Emergency Competitive Revisions for Research on Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) | Must reflect your needs | 3/25/2020 (applications accepted through 3/25/2021) |
| 18 | National Institutes of Health (NIH) - NIMH, NIA, NIAAA, NIMHD | Notice of Special Interest (NOSI) regarding the Availability of Administrative Supplements and Urgent Competitive Revisions for Mental Health Research on the 2019 Novel Coronavirus | Contact program officer | 3/27/2020 (applications accepted through 4/15/2021) |
| 19 | National Institutes of Health (NIH) - NCATS | Notice of Special Interest (NOSI): Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) | Check RFA(s) within | 4/5/2020 (application deadlines through 4/5/2021) |
| 20 | National Institutes of Health (NIH) - NIA, NIMH | Notice of Special Interest (NOSI): NIA Availability of Administrative Supplements and Revision Supplements on Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) | Must reflect your needs | 4/6/2020 (applications accepted through 5/1/2021) |
| 21 | National Institutes of Health (NIH) - OBSSR, NHLBI, NIA, NIAAA, NIDDK, NIEHS, NCCIH, NCI | Notice of Special Interest (NOSI) regarding the Availability of Administrative Supplements and Urgent Competitive Revisions for Research on the 2019 Novel Coronavirus and the Behavioral and Social Sciences | $200,000 (direct costs) | 4/13/2020 (applications accepted until 3/31/2021) |
| 22 | National Institutes of Health (NIH) - NIBIB Point-of-Care Technology Research Network (POCTRN) | Fast-Track Program for COVID-19 Test Development and Distribution) | Phase 0: $25,000 | Rolling (selection process began 4/29/2020) |
| 23 | National Institutes of Health (NIH) - NIAID | Emergency Awards: Rapid Investigation of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) (R21 Clinical Trial Not Allowed) | $275,000 (direct costs) | 4/30/2020 (Applications accepted until 4/30/2021) |
| 24 | National Institutes of Health (NIH) - NIAID | NEWEmergency Awards: Rapid Investigation of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) (R01 Clinical Trial Not Allowed) | Budgets must reflect the actual needs | 4/30/2020 (Applications accepted until 4/30/2021) |
| 25 | National Institutes of Health (NIH) - NIMHD, NIA, NIMH | Notice of Special Interest (NOSI): Competitive and Administrative Supplements for the Impact of COVID-19 Outbreak on Minority Health and Health Disparities | $125,000 (direct costs) | 5/1/2020 (applications accepted through 5/1/2021) |
| 26 | National Institutes of Health (NIH) - NIEHS | Notice of Special Interest (NOSI): NIEHS Support for Understanding the Impact of Environmental Exposures on Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) | Must reflect your needs | 5/1/2020, 6/1/2020 (other deadlines within) |
| 27 | National Institutes of Health (NIH) - NIAID, NIA | Investigator Initiated Extended Clinical Trial (R01 Clinical Trial Required) | Not limited | 5/13/2020; 9/13/2020; and others |
| 28 | National Institutes of Health (NIH) - NIAAA | Notice of Special Interest: Availability of Administrative Supplements and Competitive Revision Supplements on Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) within the Mission of NIAAA | $200,000 (direct costs) | 5/15/2020 (applications accepted until 4/15/2021) |
| 29 | National Institutes of Health (NIH) - NCATS | Notice of Special Interest (NOSI) regarding the Availability of Emergency Competitive Revisions to Existing NIH Grants and Cooperative Agreements for Tissue Chips Research on the 2019 Novel Coronavirus | Limited to amount of current parent | 5/15/2020 (applications accepted until 1/25/2022) |
| 30 | National Institutes of Health (NIH) - NCATS | Notice of Special Interest (NOSI) regarding the Availability of Administrative Supplements for Tissue Chips Research on the 2019 Novel Coronavirus | Limited to no more than 25% total costs of the amount of the current parent award | 5/15/2020 (applications accepted until 1/25/2022) |
| 31 | National Institutes of Health (NIH) - NCATS | Notice of Special Interest (NOSI): Repurposing Existing Therapeutics to Address the 2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) | Check RFA(s) within | 6/5/2020 (other later deadlines within) |
| 32 | National Institutes of Health (NIH) - NIA | NIA Multi-site COVID-19 Related Clinical Trial Implementation Grant on Aging-Related Topics in at-risk Older Adult Populations (R01 Clinical Trial Required) | Must reflect your needs | 7/1/2020; 8/3/2020; and others |
| 33 | National Institutes of Health (NIH) - OD, NHLBI, NHGRI, NIA, NIAID, NIAMS, NICHD, NIDCD, NIDCR, NIDDK, NIEHS, NINDS, NIMHD, NCCIH, NCATS, ORIP, NCI | Notice of Special Interest (NOSI) regarding the Availability of Urgent Competitive Revisions and Administrative Supplements for Research on Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Individuals with Down Syndrome for the INCLUDE Project | $1,000,000 (direct costs) | 7/13/2020; 11/12/2020; other deadlines within |
| 34 | National Institutes of Health (NIH) - NIAID | Notice of Special Interest (NOSI): Availability of Emergency Awards for Limited Clinical Trials to Evaluate Therapeutic and Vaccine Candidates Against SARS-CoV-2 | 9/14/2020; 10/14/2020; 11/14/2020 (other deadlines within) | |
| 35 | National Institutes of Health (NIH) - NICHD | Notice of Special Interest: Emerging Viral Infections and their Impact on the Male and Female Reproductive Tract | Must reflect your needs | 10/5/2020 (subsequent receipt dates through 7/16/2023) |
| 36 | National Institutes of Health (NIH) - NIDCD | Notice of Special Interest (NOSI): NIDCD is Interested in Supporting Research on the Impact of COVID-19 on Mission Specific Sensory and Communication Disorders | Varies (see RFAs within) | 10/5/2020 (subsequent receipt dates through 9/8/2022) |
| 37 | National Institutes of Health (NIH) - NIMHD, NIA, NIDA, NCI | Long-Term Effects of Disasters on Health Care Systems Serving Health Disparity Populations (R01- Clinical Trial Optional) | Not limited | 10/5/2020 (and standard R01 deadlines) |
| 38 | National Institutes of Health (NIH) - NIMHD, NIAMS, NIDA, NIMH, NLM, NCI | Notice of Special Interest (NOSI): Simulation Modeling and Systems Science to Address Health Disparities | Must reflect your needs | 10/5/2020 (subsequent receipt dates through 5/8/2023) |
| 39 | National Institutes of Health (NIH) - NHLBI | Notice of Special Interest (NOSI): The Influence of Host Resilience on Heterogeneity of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome/Acute Lung Injury (ARDS/ALI) | Must reflect your needs | 10/5/2020 (subsequent receipt dates through 7/5/2024) |
| 40 | Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA) | Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA) Broad Agency Announcement (BAA) | Negotiated after white paper stage | 10/31/2020 (white paper & full application) |
| 41 | National Institutes of Health (NIH) - NIMHD, NIAAA, NIDA | Health Services Research on Minority Health and Health Disparities (R01- Clinical Trial Optional) | Must reflect your needs | 11/27/2020 (subsequent receipt dates within RFA) |
| 42 | National Institutes of Health (NIH) - NIDA | Notice of Special Interest (NOSI): Effects of smoking and vaping on the risk and outcome of COVID-19 infection | Varies (see RFAs within) | 1/4/2021 (applications accepted through 9/8/2024) |
| 43 | National Institutes of Health (NIH) - NIMH | Notice of Special Interest: Administrative Supplements for COVID-19 Impacted NIMH Research | Varies | 1/5/2021 (applications accepted through 6/1/2023) |
| 44 | National Institutes of Health (NIH) - NIAID | Emergency Awards: Notice of Special Interest (NOSI) on Pan-Coronavirus Vaccine Development Program Projects | $500,000 (max annual direct costs without prior approval) | 1/11/2021 and 6/11/2021 |
| 45 | National Institutes of Health (NIH) - NIAMS | Notice of Special Interest: Promoting Research on COVID-19 and Rheumatic, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases | Varies (see RFAs within) | 2/5/2021 (subsequent receipt dates through 11/18/2021) |
| 46 | National Institutes of Health (NIH) - NICHD | Notice of Special Interest (NOSI) – Research on Rehabilitation Needs Associated with the COVID-19 Pandemic | Must reflect your needs | 2/5/2021 (subsequent receipt dates through 5/8/2023) |
| 47 | National Institutes of Health (NIH) - NIA | Notice of Special Interest (NOSI): Aging-Relevant Behavioral and Social Research on Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) | Varies (see RFAs within) | 3/4/2021 (applications accepted through 5/8/2023) |
| 48 | National Institutes of Health (NIH) - NCATS | Notice of Special Interest (NOSI): Repurposing Existing Therapeutics to Address the 2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) | Varies (see RFAs within) | 3/16/2021 |
| 49 | National Institutes of Health (NIH) - NIGMS | Notice of Special Interest (NOSI): Urgent Competitive Revisions to IDeA and NARCH Programs for SARS-CoV-2 Surveillance Studies | Must reflect your needs | 3/31/2021 |
| 50 | The Founding Members | The Trinity Challenge | Unspecified | 4/1/2021 |
| 51 | National Institutes of Health (NIH) - NIAAA | SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 and Consequences of Alcohol Use (R01 Clinical Trial Not Allowed) | $750,000 (direct costs) | 4/14/2021 |
| 52 | National Institutes of Health (NIH) - NIAAA | SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 and Consequences of Alcohol Use (R03 Clinical Trial Not Allowed) | $100,000 (direct costs) | 4/14/2021 |
| 53 | National Institutes of Health (NIH) - NIAAA | SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 and Consequences of Alcohol Use (R21 Clinical Trial Not Allowed) | $275,000 | 4/14/2021 |
| 54 | National Institutes of Health (NIH) - NIDCR | Notice of Special Interest (NOSI): NIDCR Support for Research on the Physiological Involvement of Oral Cavity in Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) | Varies (see RFAs within) | 6/5/2021 (subsequent receipt dates through 5/8/2023) |
| 55 | National Institutes of Health (NIH) - NIAAA | Notice of Intent to Publish a Funding Opportunity Announcement for SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 and Consequences of Alcohol Use (R01 Clinical Trials Not Allowed) | $250,000 (direct costs) | 9/1/2021 |
| 56 | National Institutes of Health (NIH) - NIAAA | Notice of Intent to Publish a Funding Opportunity Announcement for SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 and Consequences of Alcohol Use (R03 Clinical Trials Not Allowed) | $50,000 (direct costs) | 9/1/2021 |
| 57 | National Institutes of Health (NIH) - NIAAA | Notice of Intent to Publish a Funding Opportunity Announcement for SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 and Consequences of Alcohol Use (R21 Clinical Trials Not Allowed) | $150,000 (direct costs) | 9/1/2021 |
| 58 | National Science Foundation (NSF) | RAPID: Dear Colleague Letter on the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) | $200,000 | Check with program officers |
| 59 | Department of Biotechnology (DBT), India & Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), Germany | Funding Opportunities for Indo-German Fundamental Research Projects in the Life Sciences | Collaborative research grants | 28-Feb-21 |
| 60 | US National Institutes of Health (NIH) - National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) | Notice of Special Interest (NOSI) regarding the Availability of Administrative Supplements and Urgent Competitive Revisions for Research on the 2019 Novel Coronavirus | Administrative supplement and competitive revision to active NIH grant | 31 March 2021 17:00 local time of applicant (intermediate step by 25 June 2020) |
| 61 | Paul Scherrer Institut (PSI) / Swiss Light Source (SLS) / SwissFEL | Priority access call for work on combating COVID-19 | Access to beamtime | Continuous submissions, open for 6 months from 9 March 2020 |
| 62 | FAPERJ and the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil | R$ 30 milhões para pesquisa sobre o Covid-19 | Research and innovation grants. | Continuous submissions. |
| 63 | Central European Research Infrastructure Consortium (CERIC) | COVID-19 Fast Track Access | Access to instruments: 600 & 800 MHz NMR, synchrotron beamlines, infrared source for spectroscopy and imaging, etc. | No deadline |
| 64 | Central Laser Facility, Science and Technology Facilities Council | Rapid Access Call for Octopus Facility Proposals: SARS-CoV-2 | Access to imaging facility | No deadline |
| 65 | BioData | Labguru Pro-bono COVID-19 Programme | Access to electronic laboratory notebook and cloud resources. | No deadline |
| 66 | National Science Foundation (NSF), US | SBIR/STTR Phase I Proposals Addressing COVID-19 | Seed funding | No deadline - apply any time |
| 67 | Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute (PCORI), USA | COVID-19-Related Enhancements to Existing PCORI-Funded Dissemination and Implementation Awards | Enhancements for active grants, up to 500,000 USD. | No deadline - apply any time |
| 68 | The German Marshall Fund of the United States | Coronavirus Fast Response Fund | Grants up to 25'000 USD | No deadline - continuous submission |
| 69 | Merck | RESEARCH GRANT FOR PANDEMIC PREPAREDNESS | Research grant | No deadline - continuous submissions |
| 70 | British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy (BSAC), UK | COVID-19 open funding call | Research grants | No deadline - continuous submissions |
| 71 | Arts and Humanities Research Council, UK / UKRI | Modern Slavery and Human Rights Policy and Evidence Centre: the impact of COVID-19 on modern slavery | Research grants. | No deadline - continuous submissions. |
| 72 | The Malta Council for Science and Technology | COVID-19 R&D Fund | R&D support | No deadline specified - projects must start before 31 December 2020. |
| 73 | National Research Council Canada | NRC COVID-19 community support | Various types of support. | No deadline. |
| 74 | UK Research and Innovation (UKRI) | Get funding for ideas that address COVID-19 | Research and Innovation grants covering 80% of full economic cost | None - apply at any time |
| 75 | Extreme Science and Engineering Discovery Environment (XSEDE) | COVID-19 HPC Consortium | Access to computing capabilities | None - apply at any time |
| 76 | European Open Science Cloud (EOSC) | COVID-19 Fast Track Funding | Co-creation grants for deployment of open science methods and resources | None - apply at any time |
| 77 | Consejería de Salud, Junta de Andalucía | Programa de Investigación Clínica en COVID-19 de Andalucía | Research Grants | None - apply at any time |
| 78 | Arts and Humanities Research Council, UK / UKRI | Research and innovation ideas to address Covid-19 | Research grants | None - apply at any time |
| 79 | Wellcome, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and Mastercard | The COVID-19 Therapeutics Accelerator | Research grant | Not specified |
| 80 | Novartis | Novartis COVID-19 Response Fund | Financial grants | Not specified |
| 81 | Amazon Web Services | The AWS Diagnostic Development Initiative (DDI) | Financial grants | Not specified |
| 82 | Science Foundation Ireland, Enterprise Ireland, IDA Ireland | COVID-19 Rapid Response | R&D support | Not specified |
| 83 | US National Science Foundation (NSF) | Rapid Response Research (RAPID) Coronavirus(COVID-19) | Research grant | Not specified, continuous submissions |
| 84 | Spanish Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII) | SOLICITUD URGENTE DE EXPRESIONES DE INTERÉS PARA LA FINANCIACIÓN EXTRAORDINARIA DE PROYECTOS DE INVESTIGACIÓN SOBRE EL SARS-COV-2 Y LA ENFERMEDAD COVID-19 | Research grant | Not specified, continuous submissions |
| 85 | Partnership for Advanced Computing in Europe (PRACE) | Fast Track Call for Requests for Computing Resources | Computing resources offered by PRACE | Open until further notice |
Updated: 12 March, 2021.